外文文献—动画

AnimationAnimationistherapiddisplayofasequenceofimagesof2-Dor3-Dartworkormodelpositionstocreateanillusionofmovement.Theeffectisanopticalillusionofmotionduetothephenomenonofpersistenceofvision,andcanbecreatedanddemonstratedinseveralways.Themostcommonmethodofpresentinganimationisasamotionpictureorvideoprogram,althoughthereareothermethods.EarlyexamplesAnEgyptianburialchambermural,approximately4000yearsold,showingwrestlersinaction.Eventhoughthismayappearsimilartoaseriesofanimationdrawings,therewasnowayofviewingtheimagesinmotion.Itdoes,however,indicatetheartist'sintentionofdepictingmotion.FiveimagessequencefromavasefoundinIranThereisnosinglepersonwhocanbeconsideredthecreatoroffilmanimation,astherewereseveralpeopleworkingonprojectswhichcouldbeconsideredanimationataboutthesametime.GeorgesMélièswasacreatorofspecial-effectfilms;hewasgenerallyoneofthefirstpeopletouseanimationwithhistechnique.Hediscoveredatechniquebyaccidentwhichwastostopthecamerarollingtochangesomethinginthescene,andthencontinuerollingthefilm.Thisideawaslaterknownasstop-motionanimation.MélièsdiscoveredthistechniqueaccidentallywhenhisEarlyexamplesofattemptstocapturethephenomenonofmotiondrawingcanbefoundinpaleolithiccavepaintings,whereanimalsaredepictedwithmultiplelegsinsuperimposedpositions,clearlyattemptingtoconveytheperceptionofmotion.AnEgyptianburialchambermural,approximately4000yearsold,showingwrestlersinaction.Eventhoughthismayappearsimilartoaseriesofanimationdrawings,therewasnowayofviewingtheimagesinmotion.Itdoes,however,indicatetheartist'sintentionofdepictingmotion.A5,000yearoldearthenbowlfoundinIran.Ithasfiveimagesofagoatpaintedalongthesides.Thishasbeenclaimedtobeanexampleofearlyanimation.However,sincenoequipmentexistedtoshowtheimagesinmotion,suchaseriesofimagescannotbecalledanimationinatruesenseoftheword.AChinesezoetrope-typedevicehadbeeninventedin180AD.Thephenakistoscope,praxinoscope,andthecommonflipbookwereearlypopularanimationdevicesinventedduringthe19thcentury.Thesedevicesproducedtheappearanceofmovementfromsequentialdrawingsusingtechnologicalmeans,butanimationdidnotreallydevelopmuchfurtheruntiltheadventofcinematography.camerabrokedownwhileshootingabusdrivingby.Whenhehadfixedthecamera,ahearsehappenedtobepassingbyjustasMélièsrestartedrollingthefilm,hisendresultwasthathehadmanagedtomakeabustransformintoahearse.Thiswasjustoneofthegreatcontributorstoanimationintheearlyyears.Theearliestsurvivingstop-motionadvertisingfilmwasanEnglishshortbyArthurMelbourne-CoopercalledMatches:AnAppeal(1899).DevelopedfortheBryantandMayMatchstickscompany,itinvolvedstop-motionanimationofwired-togethermatcheswritingapatrioticcalltoactiononablackboard.J.StuartBlacktonwaspossiblythefirstAmericanfilm-makertousethetechniquesofstop-motionandhand-drawnanimation.Introducedtofilm-makingbyEdison,hepioneeredtheseconceptsattheturnofthe20thcentury,withhisfirstcopyrightedworkdated1900.Severalofhisfilms,amongthemTheEnchantedDrawing(1900)andHumorousPhasesofFunnyFaces(1906)werefilmversionsofBlackton'slightningartistroutine,andutilizedmodifiedversionsofMéliès'earlystop-motiontechniquestomakeaseriesofblackboarddrawingsappeartomoveandreshapethemselves.'HumorousPhasesofFunnyFaces'isregularlycitedasthefirsttrueanimatedfilm,andBlacktonisconsideredthefirsttrueanimator.FantasmagoriebyEmileCohl,1908FollowingthesuccessesofBlacktonandCohl,manyotherartistsbeganexperimentingwithanimation.OnesuchartistwasWinsorMcCay,asuccessfulnewspapercartoonist,whocreateddetailedanimationsthatrequiredateamofartistsandpainstakingattentionfordetail.Eachframewasdrawnonpaper;whichinvariablyrequiredbackgroundsandcharacterstoberedrawnandanimated.AmongMcCay'smostnotedfilmsareLittleNemo(1911),GertietheDinosaur(1914)andTheSinkingoftheLusitania(1918).Theproductionofanimatedshortfilms,typicallyreferredtoascartoons,becameanindustryofitsownduringthe1910s,andcartoonshortswereproducedtobeshowninmovietheaters.ThemostsuccessfulearlyanimationproducerwasJohnRandolphBray,who,alongwithanimatorEarlHurd,patentedthecelanimationprocesswhichdominatedtheanimationindustryfortherestofthedecade.ElApóstol(Spanish:TheApostle)wasa1917Argentineanimatedfilmutilizingcutoutanimation,andtheworld'sfirstanimatedfeaturefilm.AnotherFrenchartist,ÉmileCohl,begandrawingcartoonstripsandcreatedafilmin1908calledFantasmagorie.Thefilmlargelyconsistedofastickfiguremovingaboutandencounteringallmannerofmorphingobjects,suchasawinebottlethattransformsintoaflower.Therewerealsosectionsofliveactionwheretheanimator’shandswouldenterthescene.Thefilmwascreatedbydrawingeachframeonpaperandthenshootingeachframeontonegativefilm,whichgavethepictureablackboardlook.ThismakesFantasmagoriethefirstanimatedfilmcreatedusingwhatcametobeknownastraditional(hand-drawn)animation.TraditionalanimationThetraditionalcelanimationprocessbecameobsoletebythebeginningofthe21stcentury.Today,animators'drawingsandthebackgroundsareeitherscannedintoordrawndirectlyintoacomputersystem.Varioussoftwareprogramsareusedtocolorthedrawingsandsimulatecameramovementandeffects.Thefinalanimatedpieceisoutputtooneofs