中西文化差异Culture-and-Verbal-Communication

CultureandVerbalCommunicationClass1200911303124李雨桥200911303121李媛媛200911303122罗娟200911303115罗梅姣200911303123王翀2011-11-28Class1李雨桥UnderstandingtheCultureofConversation2011-11-28Class1李雨桥Whatcausesproblemsininterculturalcommunication:•thewayideasareputtogetherintoanargument•thewaysomeideasareselectedforspecialemphasis•thewayemotionalinformationabouttheideasispresented.2011-11-28Class1李雨桥•Everycountry’scultureofconversationhasitsowndifferentcharacteristics.2011-11-28Class1李雨桥•AmericansVSMexicans•SwedesVSAmericans•AnglosVSAthabaskans(activevspassive)FortheAmerican,theconversationhadatopic,andtheywanttotakeastraightlinethroughitfrombeginningtoend.FortheMexican,theconversationdoesn’tmoveinastraightline.FortheSwedes,theytendtobeveryconfidentandalwayshavetheconversationwithself-promotion.FortheAmerican,theyexpecttheanswertotheorientingquestion.FortheAnglos,theyalmostalwaysspeakfirst,tendtocontroltheconversationanddecidewhentofinish.ForAthabaskans,theyoftenwaitandseewhathappens.Theyarereticent,neverhaveanythingtosay.Examples2011-11-28Class1李雨桥Howtodealwiththeproblemoftalkingwithpeoplefromdifferentcultures?2011-11-28Class1李雨桥•Tohandletherichpoints(therichpointisalwayssomethingaboutthewaythingsisgoing,somethingaboutpeople’sideasabouthowtodoaconversation)•Tofigureouttheframes2011-11-28Class1李雨桥•Toexperienceculture--TheDifferentCommunicationStyles李媛媛★CulturesInfluenceCommunicationStyles--ExampleAnItalianandanAmericanwerehavinganpoliticalconversation.TheItalian:madeanstrongpoliticalstatementandwantedtoinvolvetheAmericaninalivelydiscussion.TheAmericanresponded,“Well,everyoneisentitledtoanopinion.Iacceptyouopinionisdifferentthanmine.2011-11-28Class1李媛媛11TheExampleShows:TwoStylesTheHighInvolvement高度卷入TheHighConsiderateness高度体谅2011-11-28Class1李媛媛12TheHighInvolvementThefeatures:•talkmore•interruptmore•expecttobeinterrupted•talkmoreloudlyattimes•talkmorequicklyTheculturesinclude:Russian,Italian,Greek,Spanish,SouthAmericanandAfrican2011-11-28Class1李媛媛13TheHighConsideratenessThefeatures:•speakoneatatime•usepolitesounds•Refrainfrominterrupting•Giveplentyofpositiveandrespectfulresponsetotheirconversationpartners.Theculturesinclude:ThevariouscountriesinAsiancultures(e.g.,ChineseandJapanese)2011-11-28Class1李媛媛14--ExampleNewYorkers(“highinvolvement”)Californians(“highconsiderateness”).TosomeCalifornians,NewYorkersseempushy爱出风头的anddomineering盛气凌人的(becausetheytalkfasterandresponsequickly).TosomeNewYorkers,theCaliforniansseemslower,lessintelligent,andnotasresponsive.2011-11-28Class1李媛媛15★CommunicationStylesReflectCulturesthedifferentwaypeoplespeak↓cause↓theothers’judgments↓reflect↓differentcultures.2011-11-28Class1李媛媛16★Theextendingtypesofthetwostyles•TheHighInvolvement→ThePing-PongStyle•TheHighConsiderateness→TheBowlingStyle2011-11-28Class1李媛媛17ThePing-PongStyle•Thepattern模式：Thegreetingandopening,thediscussionofatopic,andtheclosingandfarewell.•--ExampleTheLatinAmericansholdtheball(orspeak)toolong;TheNorthAmericanswouldthinktheLatinAmericansneedsuchalongtimetoexpressthemselvesandalwaysgiveyoualotofunnecessarydetails.2011-11-28Class1李媛媛18TheBowlingStyle•TheRules:△Waitingpolitely;△Knowingexactlywhenthetimeisright;△Dependingonstatus,agesandtherelationship.--ExampleTheAmericansasktoomanyquestionsanddonotgivetheotherpersonenoughtimetoformulateacarefulanswer;TheJapanesefellsthattheAmericanispushyandalwaysinterruptthem.2011-11-28Class1罗娟19Cross-CulturalVerbalCommunicationStyles•DirectandIndirectVerbalInteractionStyles•Person-OrientedandStatus-OrientedVerbalStyles•Self-Enhancement(凸显自我)andSelf-Effacement(隐匿自我)VerbalStyles2011-11-28Class1罗娟20DirectVerbalInteractionStylesinthedirectverbalstyle,statementsclearlyrevealthespeaker’sintentionsstatementsareenunciated(阐述)inaforthright(直截了当的)toneofvoice2011-11-28Class1罗娟21•“saywhatyoumean”•“don’tbeataroundthebush”•“gettothepoint”2011-11-28Class1罗娟22IndirectVerbalInteractionStylesintheindirectverbalstyle,statementstendtocamouflage(隐蔽)thespeaker’sactualintentionsstatementsarecarriedoutwithmorenuanced(有细微差异的)toneofvoice2011-11-28Class1罗娟23A：We’regoingtoMexicothisweekend.B：Whatfun!Iwishweweregoingwithyou.Howlongaregoingtobethere?A：Threedays.(Ihopeshe’lloffermearidetotheairport.)B：(Shemaywantmetogiveheraride.)Doyouneedaridetotheairport?I’lltakeyou.A：Areyousureit’snottoomuchtrouble?B：It’snotroubleatall.2011-11-28Class1罗娟24A：We’regoingtoMexicothisweekend.B：Whatfun!Iwishweweregoingwithyou.Howlongaregoingtobethere?A：Threedays.(Ihopeshe’lloffermearidetotheairport.)B：(Ifshewantsaride,she’llaskme.)Haveagreattime.A：(Ifshehadwantedtogivemearide,shewouldhaveofferedit.I’dbetterasksomebodyelse.)Thanks.I’llseeyouwhenIgetback.ThefollowingisadialoguebetweenaChinesespeakerandaU.S.Americanhearer.2011-11-28Class1罗娟25Person-OrientedVerbalStyles•Itemphasizestheimportanceofinformality,rolesuspension,respectinguniqueandpersonalidentities.•Low-contextcultureslikeU.S.Americanstendtousethiskindofverbalstyle.2011-11-28Class1罗娟26Status-OrientedVerbalStyles•Itemphasizestheimportanceofformality,largepowerdistanceandhonoringprescribed(规定的)p