The-Victorian-Age—critical-realism-in-English-lite

TheVictorianAge—criticalrealisminEnglishliteratureHistoricalbackgroundCriticalrealistsHistoricalBackground1836-1901ThethirtiesandfortiesThefiftiesandsixtiesThelastthreedecadesThethirtiesandfortiesRapideconomicdevelopmentandserioussocialproblemseconomicdevelopment:workshopoftheworldaworldpowerSocialproblemswidespreadpovertyandwretchednessworkingconditionsunimaginablybrutalTheChartistMovement宪章运动1836-1848ThefiftiesandsixtiesAtimeofprosperityandrelativestabilityCharacterizedbyprosperity,respectabilityandmaterialprogressAnationalspiritofearnestness,respectability,modestyanddomesticity—VictorianvaluesThelastthreedecadesDeclineoftheBritishEmpireandtheVictorianvaluesTwochallenges:Germany:industryandmilitaryAmerica:tradeandcommerceIdeologicalbackgroundPeople’sreligiousconvictionsareshakenrapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,newinventionsandnewdiscoveriesDarwin’sTheOriginofSpecies(1859)Victorianvaluesofearnestness,respectabilityandmodestyUtilitarianism(功利主义)VictorianliteratureNovels:criticalrealismProse:ThomasCharlyle,MatthewArnoldPoetry:RobertBrowning,AlfredTennysonIV.SomeCharacteristicsofRealism1.Realismcanbedefinedasthedepictionofreallifeasmostpeopleliveandknowit.◆concernedwiththeactual,theaverage,theordinary,andthetypical◆dealingwithfactoriesandslums,workmen,bosses,corruptpoliticians,pettycriminals,andsocialoutcasts◆writingaboutreformers,politicalagitators,shopkeepers,businessmen,therisingmiddleclassandslumdwellers2.Thereisastronginclinationtoequateliteraturewithlifeandtovalueliteratureforitstrue-to-lifequalities.◆lessconcernedwiththeirownsubjectiveresponses◆moreconcernedwiththeobjectiveworldoutsidetheirpsyches◆concernedwithbringingpeopleclosertolifethroughliterature◆dealingwiththesocialproblemsofrealpersonsinrealplaces◆settings,plotsandcharacters:ordinaryandbelievable◆tryingtobringliteratureclosertolife,tohaveittrulyrepresentlife3.The“ringofrealspeech”isacommontestforsuccessfuldialogue.◆thecharacters:life-like,fullydevelopedwithmulti-dimensions◆actions:consistentwiththeirpersonalities◆speech:consistentwiththeirpositionsinlife4.Highvalueisplacedonscientificdetachmentandobjectivity.bothwritersandscientistshadalottodowiththescientificdetachmentandobjectivity:◆thescientist:gatheringdata,conductingtheexperiment,andthenmakinghisconclusion◆thewriter:gatheringdata,hiswriting:hisexperiment◆akindofdetachmentCriticalrealism(realist)(批判现实主义)CharlesDickens,WilliamMakepeaceThackeray,Brontesisters,GeorgeEliotGiveatruthfulpictureofthecapitalistEnglandCriticalofthesocialrealityoftheirday(socialinjusticesandvices,moneyworshipandUtilitarianism)SympathetictomiseriesandsufferingsHisLifePortsmouth,Hampshirefatherextravagant/iks΄trævigәnt/奢侈的wastefulprisonfordebtAt12,blackingfactory(鞋油作坊).unhappiesttimeHisLiferestartedschoolingalawyer’soffice15“Putsallthehonestmenunderthediabolicalhoovesofallthescoundrels”parliamentaryreporterwritingcareerin1833HisLifein1836SketchesbyBoz《特写集》marriedhumorousstoriesfirstrankwithoutrestapoplexy/΄æpәpleksi/中风，脑溢血Poets’CorneratWestminsterAbbeyPickwickPapers《匹克威克外传》DickensHouseMuseumCharlesDickens’worksEarlyworksThePickwickPapers《匹克威克外传》*Thepicaresquenovelisapopularsub-genreofprosefictionwhichmightsometimesbesatiricalanddepicts,inrealisticandoftenhumorousdetail,theadventuresofaroguish([‘rəʊgɪʃ]顽皮的；无赖的)herooflowsocialclasswholivesbyhiswitsinacorruptsociety.OliverTwist《雾都孤儿》DombyandSon《董贝父子》AttacksoneormorespecificevilsineachHappyendingCharlesDickens’worksLaterworksBleakHouse《荒凉山庄》HardTimes《艰难时世》GreatExpectations《远大前程》ATaleofTwoCities《双城记》CriticismismorecomplicatedTheattackismoreurgentandpassionateCitystreets—people&placesDickenslivedduringaperiodofcontradictions.childlaborFeaturesofhisworks1.Thesettingsofhisstorieshaveanextraordinaryvividness2.Alarge-scalecriticismofthe19thcenturyEngland3.Ever-presenthappyendings4.Character-portrayalisthemostdistinguishingfeatureofhisworks5.employmentofsomeartisticdevicestheuseofironyorobviousexaggerationtheuseofhumortheuseofpathos（伤感）6.acomplicatedandinvolvedplotOliverTwistOliverTwistBirth:unknownparentsalocketandaringtakenbyoldSallyWorkhouse:maltreatedstarved(Mr.Bumble)Apprenticeship:Mr.Sowerberry—casketmakerNoahLondon–agangofthieves(Fagin,Sikes,Nancy);Monks1strobbery—Mr.Brownlow2ndrobbery—Mrs.MaylieandRoseNancy:murderedbyBillSikesBillSikes:hanghimselfFagin:arrestedandexecutedMonks:gotoAmericaanddiesinprisonImportantthreadsAlocket（asmallcase）andaring:Oliver’smother→oldSally→widowCorneyandBumble→MonksAportraitinMr.Brownlow’spossessionEdwardLeeford→Mr.BrownlowDifferentrelationshipsOliverandMonks:halfbrothersOliverandMr.Brownlow:hisfather’sbestfriendOliverandRoseHismother’syoungersisterAboutOliverTwistTruthfulpresentationofthemiseriesandsufferingsofthepoorandtheoppressedinworkhousesVividdescriptionofthethieves’denandtheunderworldofLondoningeneralThelotlacksconvincingnessWilliamMakepeaceThackeray(1811—1863)威廉•梅克皮斯•萨克雷WilliamMakepeaceThackerayHisLifeborninIndiaWestIndiaCompanyofficial5yearssenttoEnglandCambridgecartoondrawingsa