市场结构与技术创新_以美国AT_T公司的拆分为例

3AT&T(100871):AT&T,,,,(TFP),,:TFP,,AT&T,:3,,,,20011211,WTO,:(),,,?,,1984(FCC)AT&T,20,AT&T,(1),(BOCs),AT&T,(WECO)BOCs,,,:,AT&T()AT&T,AT&T(2),216-3%7%;,AT&T,,,WECOBOCs,,,07:©1994-2008ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:Schumpeter(),Schumpeter(1950)Galbraith(1956):,;,AT&T-:(1),;(2),;(3),,,AT&T--KamienShwartz(KS)(1984)SchmalenseeWillig(SW)(1989),:()(Scherer,1967;Mansfield,1968),,(BozemanLink,1983;LevinLevinet.al,1985),(PakesSchankerman,1984;Scott,1984;Levinet.al,1985)17200212©1994-2008ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.()(Hamberg,1964;Mansfield,1964;Scherer,1965a,b),Markham(1965)ULink(1980),Loeb(1983),MeiselLin(1983)Mansfield(1964)Gabrowski(1968),Scherer(1984b),Boundet.(1984)UCohenet.(1987),()Audertsch(1987)Dorfman(1987),,,,,2AT&T(:)YearTotalOperatingRevenuesAT&TR&SEWECODevelopmentExpenditureTotalR&DR&Dasa%ofOperatingRevenues1974261740001898833942005840832.231975289570002062794134006196792.141976328150002498673912006410671.951977364310002786994397007183991.971978409930003198575179008377572.041979454080003620006155009775002.1519805065800041880077070011895002.35198158065000507200100970015169002.61198265093000610600117980017904002.75198369403000862200135890022211003.2019843318700023680007.1419853441700023700006.8919863408700022780006.6819873376800024530007.2619883527600025720007.3019893611200026520007.3419903826300029350007.6719913880500031140008.0219923958000029110007.3519934162300031110007.4719944342500031100007.16:AnnualReportsofAT&TandWesternElectricCompany,MoodysPublicUtilityManual.()GreerRhoades(1976),,,SveikanskasSveikauskas(1982),,,27:©1994-2008ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(1983)Tarleckyj(1980),(TFP),(TFP)TFPJorgensenGriliches(1967),Hulten(1973)Diewert(1976)TFP,TFP,()DivisiaDivisia,:TFP=QPX,TFP:TÛFP=ÛQ-ÛX(1)ÛQXDivisia,ÛQ=ni=1jÛQj(2)ÛQjj,j=PjQjPPjQjjX,XDivisia:ÛX=ni=1ciÛXi(3)ÛXii,ci=wiXiPCi,WiiDivisia,,Divisia,Torngvist,(1)(3):TFP=lnQ-lnX(1)lnQt=ni=1€jtlnQjt(2)lnXt=ni=1€citlnXit(3)jt€cittt-1()AT&TChristensen,Cummings2ChristensenSchoech(1981)AT&T,19471979,AT&TTFPGrandall(1989)AT&T1987,AT&T,FCC,1994AT&TFCC,1994()19881994,AT&TDivisia:(37200212©1994-2008ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.),,1988,Torngvist:lnQ(t)-lnQ(t-1)=€j[lnQj(t)-lnQj(t-1)](4)€j=1P2(j+j-1),,,jj1988FCC,1988,,1988AT&T,AT&T19881994AT&T,()(1),(),SOCC,FCC,(2)Christensen,SchoechMeitzan(1994),,P,,(3):()()PChristersen,Cummings,Schoech(1981)Christensen,SchoechMeitzan(1994)Kt=(1-)Kt-l+It(5)Ktt,Itt,It19881988,,,,19881994TFP1988,1988,,,,:Pkt=[tPA.t-l+PA.t-PA.t(PA.t-PA.t-l)]Kt-l(6)Pkt,Kt-1,r(Moody),,PA.t47:©1994-2008ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:lnK(t)-lnK(t-l)=wi[lnKi(t)-lnKi(t-l)](7)Ki,Wi,3AT&TTFP,TFP19881994,1156%,-0189%,TFP2144%,TFP(4)19921993,,TFP20,TFP1971-1983TFP,R&D,Giliches(1973)R&DQt=AetLtK1-tRt(8)A,,1-t:Ft=QtPLtK1-t=AetRt(9)R&D:f=ÛFPF=+ÛRPR(10),ÛRPR,R,Griliches(1980)Terleckyj(1980),(10)R&DIRPQ.f=+IRPQ(11)=(dQPdR)(RPQ),=dQPdR,IRPQ=ÛRPQ,ÛRPR=IRPQ319881994AT&TYearTotalOutputIndexTotalOutputGrowthTotalInputIndexTotalInputGrowthTFPIndexTFPGrowth19880.0494.900.0313.120.0181.781989-0.031-3.10-0.055-5.470.0242.3719900.0040.40-0.072-7.210.0767.6119910.0454.50-0.009-0.880.0545.3819920.0232.300.0292.90-0.006-0.601993-0.001-0.100.0212.15-0.022-2.2519940.0202.00-0.008-0.820.0282.821988-941.56-0.892.444TFP()Years196219701971198319841994AverageTFP3.083.522.5657200212©1994-2008ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(11)R&D(CowingSteven2son,1981),,,f,Denny,FussWaverman(1981),,Na2diriSchankerman(1981)19471976,TFP60%70%,,,,,(11),:TFPGt=10+11Divestt+12MSt+13ÛQ+14RDSt+lt(12)(12),Divest,19841,0DivestÛQ,ÛQ,,,ÛQMS,,,AT&T,MSRDS,,,:RDSt=20+21Divestt+22MSt+23TFPGt+24KSRt+2t(13),,(Divest);(MS,);(KSR,,)(12)(13),,,,KamienShwartz(1982),,,(12)(13),()ÛQ,Christensen,CrandallTFP(MS)AT&TFCC(KSR)(RDS)AT&T,AT&T,(WECO),,WECOAT&T,WECOAT&T,AT&TAT&TWECOWECOAT&T,(TFP)Christensen1947197919801987Crandall(1989),19881994()(12)(13),,67:©1994-2008ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(Pre2divestiture)(Post2divestiture)RDS=21188-13114MS-0105TEPG+11379KSRTFPG=109.72-1.24MS+0.73ÛQ-1.03RDS+4.75KSRRDS=8184-0102MS+016TEPG-0169KSRTFPG=-38.87+0.07MS+0.24ÛQ+4.57RDS+4.75KSR,R20197,,T1%5%(Divest),,515%AT&T,,;AT&T,,,TFP,9%,TFP1%,R&D(KSR),KSR,,TFP,0122,,,19841994,Kwoka(1993),,10%,TFP,,,,TFP,,,(TFP),AT&T,,,,(),,,,AT&T,TFP,TFP3,,,,,,,TFP: