英语中虚拟语气

1虚拟语气英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气三类。虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。如果假设的情况可能发生，是真实条件句，这种情况下谓语用陈述语气。如：Iftimepermits,we'llgofishingtogether.如果时间允许，我们就一起去钓鱼。如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如：Ifyouhadcomeyesterday,youwouldhavemetthatfamousprofessor.如果你昨天来，你就会见到那位著名的教授了。（隐含的事实是：你昨天没来，也没见到那位著名教授）。虚拟语气的基本形式和用法在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。1.含有条件状语从句的复合句wish（wouldrather）+宾语从句suggest（…）+宾语从句2.主语从句Itis+adj./p.p/n.+that+S+(should)+do表语从句S+isthat+s+(should)+do同位语从句S+that+s+(should)+do3.定语从句Itis(high)timethat+S+did用过去式表现在情况1.时态后退型用过去完成式表过去两种形式用过去将来表将来2.should+动词原形型内容详述I.含有条件状语从句的复合句(以do为例;S=主语)时间条件状语从句主句与现在事实相反的假设If+S+did…S+would/should/could/might+do…与过去事实相反的假设If+S+haddone…S+would/should/could/might+havedone…与将来事实相反的假设did…If+SshoulddoweretodoS+would/should/could/might+do…注意事项：1．倒装句。如果条件句中含有功能词had，should，were时，可以省去If，把功能词提前，构成倒装句。2．错综条件句。若条件句和主句动作不存在同一个时间，则谓语形式应根据具体情况而定。3．Ifthereweren't/hadnotbeen+…=without…4．Ifitwerenotfor…/Ifithadn'tbeenfor…=butfor…5．otherwise+虚拟语气的句子6．虚拟语气的句子，but+陈述事实的句子II.虚拟语气用在宾语从句中sb.did…(希望现在用过去式)1.wish+thatsb.haddone…（希望过去用过去完成式）sb.would/shoulddo（希望将来用过去将来）2.wouldrather后的从句要用虚拟语气。时间从句2虚拟现在were,did(动词一般过去式)虚拟过去haddone虚拟将来did(动词一般过去式)例：IwouldratherIhadn’tsaidsuchunkindthingstoyou.（虚拟过去）I'dratheryoucameherefortheanswertomorrowmorning.（虚拟将来）I’dratheryoupostedtheletterrightaway.(虚拟现在)3.suggest+（that）S+should+do…表示愿望、建议、请求等主观意向的动词之后的宾语从句，谓语用should＋动词原形，should常常省略。这类词有：decide，demand，desire，insist，order，propose，suggest，recommend，requested，require等。注意：1.suggest当“建议”讲时，其宾语从句用虚拟语气；当“暗示、表明”时，用陈述语气2.insist当坚持“看法或建议”时，宾语从句用虚拟语气；当坚持“某个事实”时，用陈述语气。判断改错：（错）Yourpalefacesuggeststhatyou（should）beill.（对）Yourpalefacesuggeststhatyouareill.（错）Iinsistedthatyou（should）bewrong.（对）Iinsistedthatyouwerewrong.III.虚拟语气用在主语从句中Itisdemanded/necessary/apity+that…等结构的主语从句，谓语动词用should加动词原形，should可省略。Itis可用的词有三类that（should）dosuggested,ordered,required,proposed,demanded,requested,insisted等important,necessary,natural,imperative,strange等apity,ashame,nowonder等IV．虚拟语气用在同位语从句中。某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词后同位语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为(should)＋动词原形。这类名词常见的有：advice，suggestion，proposal（提议），order，demand，desire，request，requirement，recommendation（推荐），plan，resolution（决议），idea等。eg.Weareallforyourproposalthatthediscussion(should)beputoff．V．虚拟语气用在表语从句中。某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语时，表语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为(should)＋动词原形。这类名词常见的有：advice，suggestion，proposal，order，demand，desire，request，requirement，recommendation以及plan，idea，resolution等。eg.Mysuggestionisthatthemayor(should)presenttheprizes.VI．虚拟语气用在定语从句中Itis（about／high）time＋thatsb.didsth/shoulddosth..eg.Don'tyouthinkit'sabouttimewewenthome？注：在thisisthefirsttime／secondtimethat．．．句型中，从句中谓语动词用陈述语气完成时态。eg.IsthisthefirsttimethatyouhavevisitedHongkong？VII.虚拟语气用在让步、方式、目的状语从句中1．在带有evenif/eventhough引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。3如:Evenifhehadbeenill,hewouldhavegonetohisoffice.即使生了病，他俩去办公室。2．由asif或asthough引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或“had十过去分词”。如:HetreatedmeasifIwereastranger.他那样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的。Shetalkedaboutthefilmasifshehadreallyseenit.她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。3．虚拟语气用在lest（唯恐、免得），forfearthat及incase引导的目的状语从句中。在由lest等引导的目的状语从句中需用虚拟语气，表示“以防，以免”等意思，其谓语动词多由should＋动词原形构成，should也可省略。eg.Hewaspunishedlestheshouldmakethesamemistakeagain．VIII．虚拟语气用情感语言中1．虚拟语气在表示客气、遗憾以及祝愿等场合中，使用虚拟语气。eg.Youshouldn'thavebeenfollowinghimsoclosely；youshouldhavekeptyourdistance．2．Ifonlysb./sth.+时态后退型的谓语eg.IfonlyIhadknowntheresultoftheexamination.IX.虚拟语气的特殊用法：1.省掉if的条件从句结构：Hadyouaskedme,Iwouldhavetoldyou.(=Ifyouhadaskedme,…)2.有时虚拟条件不用条件从句而用不定式、分词、介词、名词、连接词或定语从句来表示，如：Atruefriendwouldnotdosuchathing.(=Ifhewereatruefriend,hewould...)3.有时条件从句中的动作和结果从句中的动作发生的时间不一致，如：Ifhehadfollowedthedoctor’sadvice,hewouldbequiteallrightnow.IfIwereyou,Iwouldhavegonehome.虚拟语气练习题：1.Ifyouwereoldenough,I________youtogothereyesterday.A.willallowB.shouldallowC.wouldhaveallowedD.hadallowed2.Thesecretarysuggestedthatthey________themeninatonce.A.hadbroughtB.shouldhavebroughtC.broughtD.bring3.__________Iyou,Iwouldgowithhimtotheparty.A.WasB.HadbeenC.WillbeD.Were4.Itisstrangethatsuchathing_________inyourclass.A.willhappenB.happensC.shouldhappenD.happened5.HowIwishI________torepairthewatch!Ionlymadeitworse.A.hadtriedB.hadn'ttriedC.havetriedD.didn'ttry6.Ifhe_______totheteacherattentively,he_______theanswertotheproblemnow.A.hadlistened,wouldhaveknownB.listened,wouldknowC.listened,wouldhaveknownD.hadlistened,wouldknow7.Iwasbusyyesterday,otherwiseI_______yourbirthdayparty.A.attendedB.hadattendedC.wouldattendD.wouldhaveattended8.IfonlyI_________howtooperateanelectroniccomputerasyoudo.A.hadknownB.wouldknowC.shouldknowD.knew9.Thetwostrangerstalksasifthey_______friendsforyears.A.wereB.wouldbeC.havebeenD.hadbeen10.Itishightimewe_______upourresults.4A.sumB.summedC.willsumD.wouldsum11ThelibrarianinsiststhatJohn_______nomorebooksfromthelibrarybeforehereturnsallthebookshehadborrowed.A.willtakeB.tookC.takeD.takes12.Butfortheguidanceofourinstructor(导师),we_______intheexperiment.A.shouldn’tsucceedB.couldnothavesucceededC.willnotsucceedD.shouldnothav