美国最初的13个殖民地

TheOriginalThirteenColoniesofAmericaBy:财政12-2王杰华TheThirteenColoniesweretheBritishColoniesontheAtlanticcoastofNorthAmericafoundedbetween1607(Virginia)and1733(Georgia)thatjoinedtogethertodeclareindependencein1776.Whythecolonieswereplanted?In1497,5yearsafterColumbus’svoyage,anItaliansailornamedJohnCabotarrivedintoday’sCanadaandtheEnglishkingclaimedthatthewholeoftheterritoryofNorthAmericabelongedtoEngland.Enforcingthisclaim,theEnglishmenbegantoestablishpermanentsettlementsinNorthAmericabythebeginningofthe17thcentury.Whywerethecoloniesplanted?Infact,themainreasonoftheestablishmentofcoloniesisthatasthedevelopmentofthecapitalism,Englishneedtolootrawmaterialandexpandthemarket.NewEnglandColonies:NewHampshire,acrowncolonyMassachusettsandMaine,acrowncolonyColonyofRhodeIslandandProvidencePlantations,laterRhodeIsland,acrowncolonyConnecticutColony,laterConnecticut,acrowncolonyMiddleColonies:ProvinceofNewYork,laterNewYorkandVermont,acrowncolonyProvinceofNewJersey,laterNewJersey,acrowncolonyProvinceofPennsylvania,laterPennsylvania,aproprietarycolonyDelawareColony(before1776,theLowerCountiesonDelaware),laterDelaware,aproprietarycolonySouthernColonies:ProvinceofMaryland,laterMaryland,aproprietarycolonyColonyandDominionofVirginia,laterVirginia,Kentucky,andWestVirginia,acrowncolonyProvinceofNorthCarolina,laterNorthCarolinaandTennessee,acrowncolonyProvinceofSouthCarolina,laterSouthCarolina,acrowncolonyProvinceofGeorgia,laterGeorgia,northernsectionsofAlabamaandMississippi,acrowncolonyAccordingtothewaythattheywereruled,thosecoloniescouldbedividedinto3types.RoyalColoniesOwnerscoloniesSelf-governingcoloniesRoyalColoniesARoyalcolonywasonethatwasdirectlycontrolledbytheCrown.ThegovernorswereappointedbytheCrown,andcarriedouttheordersandwishesoftheCrown,notprivateorlocalinterests.•Atthebeginningoftheseventeenthcentury,thespiritofadventureanddesireforcolonizationwereprevalentinEngland,andcircumstancestherewerefavorabletosuchundertakings,fortherewasplentyofmaterialforcolonies.SoonaftertheaccessionofJamesI.,warbetweenEnglandandFranceceased,andthereweremanyrestlesssoldiersoutofemployment-sorestlessthatsocialorderwasindanger.Therewasalsoaclassofruinedanddesperatespendthrifts,readytodoanythingtoretrievetheirfortunes.SuchwerethemenwhostoodreadytogotoAmerica.VirginiaColonialMapofVirginiafrom1758EarlySettlersinVirginiaOwnerscolonyThegovernorofthecoloniesappointedbytheowners,butunderBritishlegalconstraints,calledownerscolony,includingNewYork(1664),SouthCarolinaandNorthCarolina(1663),Pennsylvania(1681),Georgia(1733)andNewJersey(1674)BeforetheWarofindependence,ownerscolonieswereonlyMaryland,andPennsylvania,andDelawareMapoftheNewJerseyColonyAself-governingcolonyisacolonywithanelectedgovernmentinwhichelectedrulersareabletomakemostdecisionswithoutreferringtothecolonialpowerwithnominalcontrolofthecolony.Mostself-governingcolonieshaveresponsiblegovernment.Self-governingcolonyRhodeIslandwascreatedbyreligiousdissenters:RogerWilliamsandAnneHutchinson.RogerWilliamswasanoutspokenPuritanwhobelievedthatchurchandstateshouldbecompletelyseparate.HewasorderedtoreturntoEngland,butinsteadjoinedwiththeNarragansettIndianstofoundProvidence,RhodeIslandin1636.Hewasabletogetacharterforhiscolonyin1643.Itbecamearoyalcolonyin1663.RhodeIslandMapofRhodeIslandAlthoughThethirteencoloniessharedifferentinterests,differentideas,anddifferentsystems,butwiththeincreasinglyfrequenteconomicexchangesamongthem,thecolonialeconomyculturehasgrowingties,andthirteencoloniesoftheunifiedmarketisformed,andbecomemoreandmorepopular,thecontradictionbetweentheNorthAmericancoloniesandthemetropolitanwasincreasinglysharp.Intheprocess,theAmericannationwasformed.