跨文化商务交际期末总结

Chapter1Communication:AnInterculturalPerspectiveNeedsandpurposesforcommunication:Survival/Co-operation/Personalneeds/Relationships/Persuasion/Power/Socialneeds/Information/Makingsenseoftheworld/Self-expressionCommunicationisaformofhumanbehaviorderivedfromaneedtoconnectandinterestwithotherhumanbeings.Communicationoccurswhenevermeaningisattributedtobehaviorortheresidueofbehavior.Businesscommunication,asakindoforganizationalcommunication,istheexchangeoforal,nonverbal,andwrittenmessageswithin(andacrosstheboundariesof)asystemofinterrelatedandinterdependentpeopleworkingtoaccomplishcommontasksandgoals.Alsodefinedas:adynamic,multi-channeledprocess,whichcoversinternalcommunicationinagivenorganization.Characteristicsofcommunicationare:dynamic(动态),irreversible(不可撤回),symbolic(符号性),systemic(系统性),self-reflective(自我反映),interactive(involveatleasttwopeople)(互动的，交流至少牵扯到两个因素),complex(复杂).Interculturalbusinesscommunication(IBC)isdefinedascommunicationamongindividualsorgroupsfromdifferentculturalbackgroundsinabusinessenvironment.It’salsodefinedasarelativelynewterminthebusinessworldandisdefinedascommunicationwithandbetweenbusinessthatinvolvespeoplefrommorethanoneculture.Interculturalcommunication(IC)includes:Internationalcommunication(betweennationsandgovernments)Interethniccommunication(sameracebutdifferentethnic)Interracialcommunication(exchangingmessagesarefromdifferentraces)Interregionalcommunication(exchangeofmessagesbetweenmembersofthedominantculture)ICasaphenomenonhasthefollowingfeatures:Universal/longhistory/dailyoccurrenceThecomplexityinlearningIBC:Avoidanceoftheunfamiliar/Uncertaintyreduction/Withdrawal/Stereotyping(刻板印象)/Prejudice/Racism(种族主义)/Misuseofpower(权力滥用)/Cultureshock(fourstages:honeymoon,cultureshock,recovery,adjustment,re-entry/reverse)/Ethnocentrism(从其他文化的角度去评判他人)补充：ethnocentric(认为自己的文化是最好的，并用它去评判他人)Howdoyouacquirestereotypes?1.Peoplelearnstereotypesfromtheirparents,relatives,andfriends,(learningstereotypes)2.Stereotypesdevelopthroughlimitedpersonalcontact(fromlimiteddate)3.Stereotypesareprovidedbythemassmedia.4.Stereotypesevolveoutofthefearofpersonfromgroupthatdifferfromyourown.(mentallyillpeople,gay...)Chapter2UnderstandingCulturesandTheirValuesCulture:thatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,law,morals,custom,andothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiresbymanasamemberofsociety.(EdwardTylor)Cultureisthetotalaccumulationofbeliefs,customs,values,behaviors,institutionsandcommunicationpatternthatareshared,learnedandpasseddownthroughthegenerationsinanidentifiablegroupofpeople.(Hall)Cultureisclassifiedbythreelargecategoriesofelements:artifact,concepts,behavior.CharacteristicsofCulture:itislearned,cultureinfluencesbiologicalprocesses,cultureistransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration,cultureisselective,cultureisethno-centric,culturesareinterrelatedwholes,cultureissubjecttochange.Metaphorsofculture:cultureislikeapairofsunglasses,cultureislikethewaterafishswimin,cultureislikeaniceberg,cultureislikeanonion,cultureissoftware,grammarofmind.GeertHofstede’sTheoryofCulturalVariations:thecoreofculture---values,rituals,heroes,symbols(由里到外)[valuesarethedeepestmanifestationsofcultureandthemostdifficultforanoutsidertounderstand.][ritualsarethosecollectiveactivitiesthatareconsideredsociallyessentialwithinaculture.][heroesrefertowhatkindofpeopleyouworship.][symbolsrepresentthemostsuperficialandtheeasiesttoperceivebyanoutsiderandtheleastimportanttoaninsider.]DefinitionofValue:1.One’sprincipleorstandards,one’sjudgmentofwhatisvaluableorimportantinlife.(ConciseOxfordDictionary)2.Abroadtendencytoprefercertainstatesofaffairsoverothers.(Hofstede)3.Aconception,explicitorimplicit,distinctiveofanindividualorcharacteristicofagroup,ofthedesirablewhichinfluencestheselectionfromavailablemodes,means,andendsofaction.PrioritiesofCultureValues:UniversalValues普世价值,Culture-specificvalues,Peculiarexpressionordeviationofindividualwithincultures[valuesisclassifiedasprimary,secondary,andtertiary.Tertiaryvaluesareatthebottomofourhierarchy.]Differentcultureforms:dominantculture主流文化,subcultures亚文化,co-culturesKluckholnandStrodtbeck’sValueOrientations:1.Humannature[evil/mixed/good]2.Relationshiptonature[subordinatetonature/harmonywithnature/dominantovernature]3.Senseoftime[past/present/future]4.Activity[being/growing/doing]5.Socialrelationship[hierarchy/group/individual]Hofstede-Bond’sValueDimensions:1.Individualismvs.Collectivism[individualism:peoplearesupposedtotakecareofonlythemselvesandtheirimmediatefamilies,thereismoreemphasison‘I’thanon‘we’;collectivism:emphasizescommoninterests,conformity,cooperation,andinterdependence.]2.Powerdistance[referstoattitudestowardsdifferencesinauthority.]3.UncertaintyAvoidance不确定性规避[ismeasureofhowacceptingacultureisofalackofpredictability.]4.Masculinityvs.Femininity[masculinitycomesfrom‘masculine’andimpliesaggressivenessandassertiveness,femininitycomesfrom‘feminine’andstressesnurturing,payingattentiontopeople’sfeelingandneeds.]5.Long-termversusshort-termorientationHall’sHigh-and-ContextOrientationChapter3ComprehendingVerba