地理信息科学专业英语

专业术语英译汉affine仿射band波段cartography制图学clip剪切digitizer数字化仪DLG数字线划图dpi每英寸点数edgematching边缘匹配equator赤道equiarea等积geoid大地水准面geospatial地理空间GPS全球定位系统Habitat栖息地Interface接口Item项目Latitude纬度legend图例longitude经度median中值meridian子午线metadata元数据neatline图廓线Object-Based基于对象的parcel宗地photogrammetry摄影测量precipitation降水量range范围raster栅格resample重采样resolution分辨率RMS均方根scanner扫描仪siting选址TIGER拓扑统一地理编码topology拓扑tuple数组UTM通用横轴墨卡托投影vector矢量专业术语汉译英保护区protectedarea比例尺Scalebar标准差Standarddeviation标准图幅Standardpictureframe单精度Singleprecision地理空间数据Geospatialdata点缓冲区Pointbuffer动态分段Dynamicsegmentation度量标准Metrics多项式变换Polynomialtransformation高程基准Elevationbase跟踪算法Trackingalgorithm规则格网Rulesgrid过渡带Transitionzone基于位置服务Basedonlocationservice畸形线Malformationline几何变换Geometrictransformation检验图Inspectionchart解析几何Analyticgeometry空间要素Spaceelement平面坐标系统Planarcoordinatesystem曲流河Meanderingriver人口普查地段CensusLot上四分位数Theupperquartile矢量数据模型Vectordatamodel数据可视化datavisualization数据探查Dataexploration双精度Doubleprecision水文要素Hydrologicalelements泰森多边型TysonPolygons统一建模语言UnifiedModelingLanguage投影坐标系统Projectioncoordinatesystem线缓冲区Linebuffer遥感数据Remotesensingdata用材林Timberforest晕渲法Halorenderingmethod指北针Compass属性表Propertysheet最短路径分析Shortestpathanalysis最小二乘法Leastsquaresmethod翻译例子如下。1.Ageographicinformationsystem(GIS)isacomputersystemforcapturing,storing,querying,analyzing,anddisplayinggeographicallyreferenceddata.1.地理信息系统（GIS）是用于捕捉，存储，查询，分析和显示地理参考数据的计算机系统。2.Anewlydigitizedmaphasthesamemeasurementunitasthesourcemapusedindigitizingorscanning.Ifmanuallydigitized,themapismeasuredininches,sameasthedigitizingtable.2.新数字化地图与数字化或扫描中使用的源地图具有相同的测量单位。如果手动数字化，地图以英寸为单位进行测量，与数字化表格相同。3.Althoughidealfordiscretefeatureswithwelldefinedlocationand,shapes,thevectordatamodeldoesnotworkwellwithspatialphenomenathatvarycontinuouslyoverthespacesuchasprecipitation,elevation,andsoilerosion.3.对于具有明确位置和形状的离散特征，尽管理想，矢量数据模型不能很好地处理在空间连续变化的空间现象，如降水，海拔和土壤侵蚀。4.Butthemigrationfromthegeorelationaltotheobject-baseddatamodelshouldberelativelyeasybecauseitisintuitivetothinkofspatialfeaturesasobjects.4.从基础数据到基于对象的数据模型的迁移应该相对容易，因为将空间要素视为对象是直观的。5.NewGISdatacanbecreatedfromavarietyofdatasources.Theyincludesatelliteimages,fielddata,streetaddresses,textfileswithxandycoordinates,andpapermaps.5.可以从各种数据源创建新的GIS数据。它们包括卫星图像，现场数据，街道地址，带有x和y坐标的文本文件以及纸质地图。6.Projectionconvertsdatasetsfromgeographiccoordinatestoprojectedcoordinates,andreprojectionconvertsfromonetypeofprojectedcoordinatestoanothertype.6.投影将数据集从地理坐标转换为投影坐标，再投影从一种类型的投影坐标转换为另一种类型。7.Spatialdataeditingreferstotheprocessofadding,deleting,andmodifyingfeaturesindigitallayers.Amajorpartofspatialdataeditingistoremovedigitizingerrors.7.空间数据编辑是指在数字图层中添加，删除和修改特征的过程。空间数据编辑的主要部分是删除数字化错误。8.Thegeorelationaldatamodelstoresspatialandattributedataseparatelyinasplitsystem:spatialdataingraphicfilesandattributedatainarelationaldatabase.8.地理数据模型将空间数据和属性数据分别存储在分割系统中：图形文件中的空间数据和关系数据库中的属性数据。用英文回答下列问题，练习每章后面的问答题。例子如下：1．Describethetwocommontypesofdataforterrainmappingandanalysis.1.TwoimportanttypesoffielddatathatcanbeusedinaGISprojectaresurveydataandglobalpositioningsystme(GPS)data.2．Describethreevariationsinbuffering.2.Thebufferdistancecanvarybythevaluesofagivenfield.Bufferingcanbeoneithertheleftsideortherightsideofthelinefeature,insteadofbothsides.Bufferzonesmayremainintactsothateachbufferzoneisseparatefromothers,ordissolvedsothattherearenooverlappedareasbetweenbufferzones.3．Explaintheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoftherasterdatamodelvs.thevectordatamodel.3.Themainadvantageoftherasterdatamodelishavingfixedcelllocations,whichmakeiteasierfordatamanipulation,aggregation,andanalysis.Themaindisadvantageisitsweaknessinrepresentingthepreciselocationofspatialfeatures.4．Explainthedifferencebetweenlocationerrorsandtopologicalerrors.4.Locationerrorssuchasmissingpolygonsordistortedlinesrelatetothegeometricinaccuraciesofspatialfeatures,whereastopologicalerrorssuchasdanglinglinsandunclosedpolygonsrelatetothelogicalinconsistencisbetweenspatialfeatures.5．Explainthedifferencebetweenthegeorelationaldatamodelandtheobject-baseddatamodel.5.Theobject-baseddatamodeldiffersfromthegeorelationaldatamodelintwoaspects.First,theobject-baseddatamodelstoresboththespatialandattributedataofspatialfeaturesinasinglesystemratherthanasplitsystem.Second,theobject-baseddatamodelallowsaspatialfeature(object)tobeassociatedwithasetofpropertiesandmethods.6．Explaintheimportanceofmapprojection.6.Amapprojectionoffersacoupleofadvantages.First,amapprojectionallowsustousetwo-dimensionalmaps,eitherpaperordigital,insteadofaglobe.Second,amapprojectionallowsustoworkwithplaneorprojectedcoordinatesratherthanlongitudeandlatitudevalues.Computationswithgeographiccoordinatesaremorecomplexandyieldlessaccuratedistancemeasurements.7．Howcanananalysismasksavetimeandeffortforrasterdataoperations?7.Becauseananalysismasklimitsdataanalysistocellsthatdonotcarrythecellvalueofnodata.itcansavetimeandeffortforrasterdataoperations.8．Namefivetoolsortechniquesforvectordataanalysis.8.Buffering,overlay,distancemeasurement,spatialstatisticsandmapmanipulation.9．Namethethreetypesofsimplefeat