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1PART1电路和电子工程基础A电路[1]Inthecaseofaresistor,thevoltage-currentrelationshipisgivenbyOhm’slaw,whichstatesthatthevoltageacrosstheresistorisequaltothecurrentthroughtheresistormultipliedbythevalueoftheresistance.就电阻来说,电压—电流的关系由欧姆定律决定。欧姆定律指出:电阻两端的电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。[2]Itmaybethattheinductorvoltageratherthanthecurrentisthevariableofinterestinthecircuit.或许在电路中,人们感兴趣的变量是电感电压而不是电感电流。B三相电路[1]Viewedinthislight,itwillbefoundthattheanalysisofthree-phasecircuitsislittlemoredifficultthanthatofsingle-phasecircuits.这样看来,三相电路的分析比单相电路的分析难不了多少。[2]Atunitypowerfactor,thepowerinasingle-phasecircuitiszerotwiceeachcycle.在功率因数为1时,单相电路里的功率值每个周波有两次为零。[3]ItshouldbenotedthatifthepolarityofpointAwithrespecttoN()isassumedforthepositivehalf-cycle,应该注意,如果把A点相对于N的极性()定为正半周,那么在用于同一相量图中时就应该画得同相反,即相位差为。A运算放大器[1]Oneproblemwithelectronicdevicescorrespondingtothegeneralizedamplifiersisthatthegains,AUorAI,dependuponinternalpropertiesofthetwo-portsystem.对应于像广义放大器这样的电子装置,一个问题就是增益AU或者AI,它们取决于两输入端系统的内部特性。[2]ThisisoneofthekeyfeaturesofOp-Ampdesign—theactionofthecircuitonsignalsdependsonlyupontheexternalelementswhichcanbeeasilyvariedbythedesignerandwhichdonotdependuponthedetailedcharacteroftheOp-Ampitself.这是运算放大器设计的重要特征之一——在信号作用下,电路的动作仅取决于能够容易被设计者改变的外部元件,而不取决于运算放大器本身的细节特性。B晶体管[1]Putverysimplyasemiconductormaterialisonewhichcanbe“doped”toproduceapredominanceofelectronsormobilenegativecharges(N-type);or“holes”orpositivecharges(P-type).简单地说,半导体是这样一种物质,它能够通过“掺杂”来产生多余的电子,又称自由电子(N型);或者产生“空穴”,又称正电子(P型)。[2]TO1istheoriginaltransistorshape—acylindrical“can”withthethreeleadsemergingintriangularpatternfromthebottom.Lookingatthebase,theupperleadinthe“triangle”isthebase,theonetotheright(markedbyacolorspot)thecollectorandtheonetothelefttheemitter.TO1是最早的一种晶体管形状——即一个带有三个引脚的圆柱体“外罩”,这三个引脚在底部形成三角状。首先要注意的是,“三角形”上面的引脚是基极,其右面的引脚(由一个彩色点标出)为集电极,其左面的引脚为发射极。A逻辑变量与触发器[1]Weshallnowbrieflydiscusstherelevanceofsuchterminology,andinsodoingweshallbringoutthespecialaptnessofthedesignations“true”and“false”toidentifythepossiblevaluesofavariable.现在我们将简要地讨论一下这些术语之间的关联,并在此过程中阐明用标示“真”和“假”来识别一个变量的可能值的特殊用途。[2]Justasotheralgebrasdealwithvariableswhichhaveanumericalsignificance,Booleanalgebradealswithpropositionsandisaneffectivetoolforanalyzingtherelationshipsbetweenpropositionswhichallowonlytwomutuallyexclusivealternatives.和其他处理有数字意义的变量的代数一样,布尔代数处理的是命题,而且布尔代数对于分析仅有两个互反变量命题之间的关系是一种有效的工具。[3]Thereisagenerallyprevailingattitudeindigitalsystemstoviewlogic0asabasic,undisturbed,unperturbed,quiescentstateandtoviewthelogic1stateastheexcited,active,effectivestate,i.e.,thestatearrivedat“aftersomethinghashappened.”在数字系统中,普遍的观点是把逻辑0看成一个基本的、无干扰的、稳定的、静止的状态,把逻辑1看成一个激励的、活跃的、有效的状态,也就是说,这种状态是发生在“某种操作动作之后”。B二进制数字系统[1]Suchdevicesoperatewellinatwo-stateorbinarysystem,usingconductionandcutoffastheoperatingstates,andasa2resultthebinarynumbersystemisgenerallyemployedininternaloperationsindigitalcomputers.将导通和关断作为工作状态,这样的装置可以在两态即二进制系统中运行,因此数字计算机中的内部操作一般采用二进制系统。[2]Giventhebasicideaofachainofpositiveandnegative,orpositiveandzero,orzeroandnegativepulsesasrepresentingbinary1sand0s,therearemanypossiblecodesinwhichthepulsesmightbetransmitted.给出一串正脉冲和负脉冲,或正脉冲和零,或者零和负脉冲来表示二进制的1及0时,就会有许多这些脉冲可以传递的码。A功率半导体器件[1]Powerdiodesprovideuncontrolledrectificationofpowerandareusedinapplicationssuchaselectroplating,anodizing,batterycharging,welding,powersupplies(DCandAC),andvariable-frequencydrives.电力二极管提供不可控的整流电源,这些电源有很广的应用,如:电镀、电极氧化、电池充电、焊接、交直流电源和变频驱动。[2]Agateturn-offthyristor(GTO),asthenameindicates,isbasicallyathyristor-typedevicethatcanbeturnedonbyasmallpositivegatecurrentpulse,butinaddition,hasthecapabilityofbeingturnedoffbyanegativegatecurrentpulse.门极可关断晶闸管,顾名思义,是一种晶闸管类型的器件。同其他晶闸管一样,它可以由一个小的正门极电流脉冲触发,但除此之外,它还能被负门极电流脉冲关断。[3]Suchagatecurrentpulseofveryshortdurationandverylargedi/dthassmallenergycontentandcanbesuppliedbymultipleMOSFETsinparallelwithultra-lowleakageinductanceinthedrivecircuit.这样一个持续时间非常短、di/dt非常大、能量又较小的门极电流脉冲可以由多个并联的MOSFET来提供,并且驱动电路中的漏感要特别低。B电力电子变换器[1]Theefficiencyoftherectifiersisveryhigh,typicallyinthevicinityof98%,becausedeviceconductionlossislowandswitchinglossispracticallynegligible.由于器件开通时损耗低,且其开关损耗几乎可忽略不计,故该类整流器的效率很高,典型值约为98%。[2]Avariablevoltagesourcecanbeconvertedtoavariablecurrentsourcebyconnectionalargeinductanceinseriesandcontrollingthevoltagewithinafeedbackcurrentcontrolloop.通过串联大电感,可变电压源可以在电流反馈控制回路的控制下转换为可变电流源。A直流电机分类[1]Eachofthesemotorshasdifferentcharacteristicsduetoitsbasiccircuitarrangementandphysicalproperties.每种类型的电动机由于其基本电路的不同而具有不同的特征和物理特性。[2]Theonlydifference,inmostcases,isthatthegeneratoractsasavoltagesourcewhilethemotorfunctionsasamechanicalpowerconversiondevice.很多情况下,二者的唯一区别在于发电机常作为电压源,而电动机常作为机械能转换装置。[3]Adecreaseinfieldcurrentreducesthestrengthoftheelectromagneticfield.Whenthefieldfluxisdecreased,thearmaturewillrotatefaster,duetoreducedmagnetic-fieldinteraction.励磁电流的减小会使磁场减弱。当磁通减少时,转子会由于与减弱的磁场相互作用而加速旋转。B直流传动的闭环控制[1]Anypositivespeederror,causedbyeitheranincreaseinthespeedcommandoranincreaseintheloadtorque,producesahighercurrentreferenceIa*.由速度给定或负载转矩的增加所引起的任何正的速度偏差,都会产生更大的参考电流值Ia*。[2]Thespeederroriscorrec
本文标题:自动化专业英语教程(王宏文第2版)-英译汉
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