2017高一英语上学期必修1语法总结

2017高一英语上学期必修1语法总结直接英语和间接英语一、句型的变化（一）如果直接引语是陈述句，间接引语一般是用that来引导。口语中that常可以省略。“Iliketolistentorockmusic,”saidPeter.Petersaidthathelikedtolistentorockmusic.【注意】如果直接引语中出现两个或两个以上的陈述句并列时，第一个that可以省略，后面一个不能省略，以免引起歧义。如：Theteachersaid,“Thetextisveryimportant.Youshouldlearnitbyheart.”Theteachersaid(that)thetextisimportantandthatweshouldlearnitbyheart.(二)如果直接引语是一般疑问句或选择疑问句时，间接引语常变为由whether/if引导，而且要用陈述句语序。如：Theboyaskedhismother,“CanIgotoplayfootballwithmyfriendsonSaturday?”Theboyaskedhismotherwhether/ifhecouldgotoplayfootballwithhisfriendsonSaturday.(三)如果直接引语是特殊问句，间接引语用特殊疑问词引导，而且用陈述句语序。如：?“Howmuchtimedoyouspendonthehomework?”heaskedme.?HeaskedmehowmuchtimeIspentonthehomework.（四）如果间接引语是表示请求、提议、建议、劝告等意义的问句，要借助其他句型结构来表达。如：?“Whydon’tyoucomeandplayfootballwithme?”Heasked.?Headvisedmetoplayfootballwithhim.【注意】表示请求、劝告时，通常用“ask/advise/want等+宾语+动词不定式”结构。(五)如果直接引语是祈使句，间接引语要用不定式的复合结构改，即改为：tell(ask,order,warn,advise等)sb.(not)todosth.如：?“Listentomecarefully,please.”theteachersaidtous.?Theteachertoldustolistentohimcarefully.【注意】如果祈使句中出现了please,在间接引语中必须省略。(六)如果直接引语是感叹句，变间接引语时，用what,how或that来引述。如：?“Whatabeautifulhouseitis!”hesaidtome.?Hetoldmewhatabeautifulhouseitwas.?Hetoldmethatitwasabeautifulhouse.二、时态的变化（一）如果主句的时态是一般现在时或将来时，则间接引语中的时态不变。如；?Hesays,“I’mtootired.”?Hesays(that)heistootired.（二）如果主句的时态是一般过去时，则间接引语中的时态相应地变为与过去相关的时态。具体变化如下：一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时1)Theoldmansaid,“GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina.”TheoldmansaidthatgreatchangeshadtakenplaceinChina.2)“WangLiniswaitingforyououtsideoftheschoolgate.”LiFangsaidtome.LiFangtoldmethatWangLinwaswaitingformeoutsideoftheschoolgate.【注意1】当转述的是客观事实、科学真理、格言或谚语；重复出现或现在习惯性的动作时，间接引语的时态不变化。如：.?“Failureisthemotherofsuccess.”Theteachersaidtous.?Theteachertoldusthatfailureisthemotherofsuccess.【注意2】当直接引语中的谓语动词含有情态动词must,need,oughtto,hadbetter等，变间接引语时，间接引语中谓语动词的形式不变。如：?Hesaid,“Youhadbetteraskforhelpwhenyouareintrouble.”?HesaidthatIhadbetteraskforhelpwhenIwasintrouble.三、人称代词的变化直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语中作主语的人称代词或其他物主代词要作相应的变化。一般情况下要遵循以下几条原则：（一）直接引语的主语是第一人称，变为间接引语时，要和主句的主语保持一致。如：?“CanIuseyourbikeforamoment?”theboysaidtome.?Theboyaskedmewhetherhecouldusemybikeformoment.(二)直接引语的主语是第二人称，变为间接引语时，要和主句的宾语保持一致。如：?TheteacheraskedJoan,“Whyareyoulateagain?”?TheteacheraskedJoanwhyhewaslateagain.（三）直接引语的主语是第三人称，变为间接引语时，间接引语中的主语人称不变。如：?Heaskedme,“HowlonghasTeddystayedinChina?”?HeaskedmehowlongTeddyhasstayedinChina.四、主句谓语动词的变化(一)直接引语是陈述句，谓语动词是say(said)的不变，是saidtosb.常变为toldsb.如：?Hesaidtohisfriend,“Iamgladtoseeyou.”?Hetoldhisfriendthathewasgladtoseehim.(二)直接引语是特殊疑问句、一般疑问句或选择疑问句，said变为asked;saidtosb.变为askedsb.如：?“Howcanyoudothat?”MarysaidtoBetty.?MaryaskedBettyhowshecoulddothat.(三)直接引语是祈使句，变间接引语时，谓语动词可根据语气强弱选则beg,advise,ask,tell,order,warn等。如果祈使句是否定句，还需在不定式符号to前加not.如：?Isaidtoher,“Pleasepassmeaglassofwater.”?Iaskedhertopassmeaglassofwater.(四)直接引语是感叹句，变间接引语时，引述动词常用tell,exclaim或say等。如：?“Howwellhelooks!”Lucysaid.?Lucyexclaimedhowwellhelooked.?Lucysaidthathelookedwell.五、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和方向性动词的变化（一）指示代词的变化thisthatthesethose（二）时间状语的变化nowthenagobefore/earliertodaythatdayyesterdaythedaybeforethismorning/afternoon,etc.thatmorning/afternoon,etc.tomorrowthefollowing/nextdaythedayaftertomorrowintwodays’timethedaybeforeyesterdaytwodaysbefore/earliernextweek/month,etc.thenextweek/month,etc.lastweek/monththeweek/monthbefore【注意】如果在当天转述，时间状语也可不变。如：?Mr.Blacksaid,“IvisitedtheGreatWalllastyear.”?Mr.BlacksaidthathehadvisitedtheGreatWalllastyear.（三）地点和方向性动词的变化heretherecomego【注意】如果在当地转述，地点状语也可不变。如：Hesaid,“Iwillcomeherethisevening.”Hesaidthathewouldcomeherethisevening.(同时同地引述)巩固练习：将下列句子变为间接引语或直接引语1.Hesaidtome,“Iwrotealettertomyparentslastweek.”He_________methat_________________aletterto________parents________________________.2.“Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest,”mothersaidtoherdaughter.Mother__________herdaughterthatthesun________uptheeastand_________inthewest.3.“Don’tbelateagain,Jim,”saidtheteacher.Theteacher______________________________belateagain.4.“HaveyouseenthefilmHarryPotter?”heasked.Heaskedme________________________________thefilmHarryPotter.5.MrWangaskedthestudentshowtheycouldimprovetheirspokenEnglish.“________________________improve________spokenEnglish?”MrWangsaidtothestudents.1.toldhehadwrittenhistheweekbefore2.toldrisessets3.toldJimnotto4.ifIhadseen5.Howcanyouyour定语从句一．定语从句的定义1.定语从句在从句中起定语作用，修饰句中的某一名词或代词，被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句一般紧跟在先行词后面.(定语从句有时候还可以修饰一个句子,通常指代一件事情)2.引导从句的关联词叫关系词,关系词分为关系代词和关系副词,他们的作用：(1)引导作用(2)替代(先行词)作用(3)在定语从句中担当某个成分的作用关系代词：who,whom,whose,that,which,as等（在句中作主、表、宾、定等成分）关系副词：where,when,why在从句中作状语e.g.TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledTom.who引导定语从句并代替先行词theboy在定语从句中充当broke的主语ａ.关系代词（who,whom,which,that,whose）的指代关系及其选择定语从句关系词的选择取决于先行词（被修饰词）在定语从句中的位置、成分。指人指物在定语从句中的作用Who√主语宾语Whom√宾语Which√主语宾语that√√主语宾语whose√√定语（whose和它所修饰的名词在从句中可以充当主语或宾语）ｂ．关系副词（1）why先行词是表示原因的名词（reason）,关系词在从句中做原因状语表示原因（2）where先行词是表示地点的名词,关系词在从句中做地点状语表示地点（3）when先行词是表示时间的名词,关系词在从句中做时间状语表示时间e.g.Thatisthereasonwhyhewaslate.ThisistheschoolwhereIhavestudiedforthreeyears.IwillalwaysrememberthedaywhenIsawyou.3.定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不