麻醉专业英语

1麻醉专业英语CHAPTER1FLUID,ELECTROLYTEANDACID-BASEBALANCE......................................................3CHAPTER2INTRAVENOUSANESTHESIA...............................................................................................5CHAPTER3INHALATIONALANESTHETICAGENTS..........................................................................10CHAPTER4MONITORINGDURINGANESTHESIA..............................................................................12CHAPTER5RESPIRATORYPHYSIOLOGY............................................................................................14CHAPTER6CARDIOVASCULARPHYSIOLOGY...................................................................................19CHAPTER7PHYSIOLOGYOFTHENS....................................................................................................23CHAPTER8LOCALANESTHESIAAGENTSANDLOCALANESTHESIA......................................27CHAPTER9NEUROMUSCULARBLOCKINGAGENTS.......................................................................29CHAPTER10INTRATHECALANESTHESIA............................................................................................31CHAPTER11ANESTHESIAFORCARDIACSURGERY......................................................................33CHAPTER12NEUROSURGICALANESTHESIA....................................................................................35CHAPTER13ANESTHESIAFORABMORMALSURGERY.................................................................38CHAPTER14PAEDIATRICANESTHESIAANDINTENSIVECARE..................................................40CHAPTER15ANESTHESIAFORGYNECOLOGICALANDOBSTETRICSURGERY..................46CHAPTER16ANESTHETICMANAGEMENTOFELDERLYPATIENTS..........................................49CHAPTER17POSTOPERATIVEPAIN......................................................................................................512CHAPTER18MANAGEMENTOFCHRONICPAIN................................................................................553Chapter1Fluid,ElectrolyteandAcid-BaseBalance1.Theclinicalmanifestationsofvolumedepletionarelowbloodpressure,narrowpulsepressure,tachycardia,poorskinturgor,anddrymucousmembranes.Thehistorymaysuggestthereasonforvolumedepletion.翻译：血容量不足的临床表现包括低血压，脉压狭窄，心动过缓，轻度皮肤水肿以及粘膜干燥。病史的询问可能提示病因。2.Combinedwaterandelectrolytedepletionmayoccurfromgastrointestinallossesduetonasogastricsuction,entericfistulas,enterostomies,ordiarrhea.Othercausesareexcessivediuretictherapy,adrenalinsufficiency,profusesweating,burns,andbodyfluidsequestrationfollowingtraumaorsurgery.翻译：水合并电解质的不足可以由肠道的丢失引起，其中包括鼻饲管的引流，肠瘘，肠造口术以及腹泻。其他原因还包括，过度的利尿药治疗，肾上腺功能不足，过度出汗，烧伤，以及创伤和手术造成的体液丢失。3.Antidiuretichormone,releasedduringanesthesiaandsurgicalstress,promoteswaterconservationbythekidneys.Renalvasoconstrictionandincreasedaldosteroneactivityreducesodiumexcretion.翻译：麻醉期间以及手术刺激时分泌的抗利尿激素会加强肾脏的保水能力。同时，肾血管的收缩和醛固酮的活动增强也会减少钠的分泌。4.Hyponatremiainseverehyperglycemiaresultsfromtheosmoticeffectsoftheelevatedglucoseconcentration,whichdrawswaterfromtheintracellularapacetodiluteECFsodium.翻译：高糖血症时的低钠血症是由升高的血糖浓度的渗透作用造成的，也就是说，4过高的血糖浓度会迅速地将细胞内的水转移到血浆中对钠进行稀释。5.Withextracellularacidosis,alargeproportionoftheexcesshydrogenisbufferedintracellularlybyanexchangeofintracellularK+forextracellularH+,thismovementofK+mayproducedangeroushyperkalemia.翻译：在胞外酸中毒时，很大一部分的胞外氢离子会和胞内的钾离子进行交换，以此来对过多的氢离子进行缓冲，钾离子的这种运动可能会导致危险的高钾血症。6.Theelectrocardiographicchangesarethemosthelpfulindicatorsoftheseverityofhyperkalemia.EarlychangesincludepeakingoftheTwaves,wideningoftheQRScomplexanddepressionoftheSTsegment.翻译：心电描记图上的变化是评估高钾严重程度的最灵敏指标。早期的变化包括T波高尖，QRS波的增宽以及ST段的下移。7.Theclinicalmanifestationofhypokalemiarelatetoneuromuscularfunction:Decreasedmusclecontractilityandmusclecellpotentialdevelop,andinextremecasesdeathmayresultfromparalysisofmusclesofrespiration.翻译：低钾血症的临床症状涉及神经肌肉的功能，包括：肌肉的收缩能力减弱，肌细胞的电位升高，在极少数病例中还会由于呼吸肌的瘫痪导致死亡。8.Acuterespirtoryacidosisoccurswhenrespirationsuddenlybecomesinadequate,CO2accumulatesinthebloodandhydrogenionconcentrationincreases.Thisoccursmostofteninacuteairwayobstruction,aspiration,respiratoryarrest,certainpulmonaryinfections,andpulmonaryedemawithimpairedgasexchange.翻译：急性呼吸性酸中毒的病因包括：突然的呼吸不足，血中CO2的堆积以及5氢离子浓度的升高。这种酸中毒最常见于急性呼吸道梗阻，误吸，呼吸暂停，某些肺部感染以及肺水肿时合并换气不足等情况。9.Metabolicacidosisiscausedbyincreasedproductionofhydrogenionfrommetabolicorothercausesfromexcessivebicarbonatelosses.Ineithercase,theplasmabicarbonateconcentrationisdecreased,producinganincreaseinhydrogenionconcentration.翻译：代谢性酸中毒的病因包括：代谢产生的氢离子增多或者是，其他原因造成的碳酸氢盐丢失过多。两种情况下均是碳酸氢盐的浓度降低，从而导致氢离子的浓度升高。10.Volumedeficitisbestestimatedofthebasisofacutechangesinweightorfromclinicalestimates,theclinicianshouldrememberthatdeficitslessthan5%ofbodywaterwillnotbedetectableandthatlossof15%ofbodywaterwillbeassociatedwithsrverecirculatorycompromise.翻译：评估容量不足的两项最好的指标：一.有体重急剧变化的根据；二.根据临床评估。临床医生要始终记住：不足5%的水分丢失不能被监测出，而15%的水分缺失将会造成严重的循环障碍。Chapter2IntravenousAnesthesia11.Awidelyacceptedtheoryofanestheticactionisthatbothivandinhalationalanestheticsexerttheirprimarysedativeandhypnoticeffectsthroughaninteractionwiththeinhi