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形容词和副词1.形容词的位置单个形容词修饰名词的时候,一般前置。但是下列情况下形容词却要后置。1)当形容词修饰由加上构成的复合代词时,总是后置。【例如】Ihavesomethingurgenttodo,soIhavetogonow.Theremustbesomethingwrongwithhim.2)以或结尾的形容词与all,every,only或形容词最高级连用时,常常后置。【例如】Thesearethebestbooksavailableintheuniversitylibrary.Parisisoneofthemostbeautifulcitiesimaginable.3)形容词词组常后置。【例如】Iknowagirlgoodatsinging.多个形容词修饰同一名词的顺序有几个形容词修饰同一名词时,词序无固定规律,一般的顺序为:1)限定词(冠词/代词/数词)→2)性质→3)大小/形状/新旧/年龄/颜色→4)名词性定语(包括动名词)→5)名词。【例如】Chinaisagreat,modernizedsocialistcountry.Nancyisreadinganold,exciting,romanticlovestory.Maryhasjustboughtherselfaprettygreencottondress.MysisterknewatallintelligentyoungAmericanprofessorwhomshemetincollege.2.作表语的形容词1)很多以开头的形容词,如asleep,afraid,awake,alone,aware,alive,ablaze,alike等,一般只作表语。【例如】Hewassotiredthathesoonfellasleep.Whetherhewasaliveordeadintheearthquakeisstillunknown.2)这类形容词有时可以放在名词后作后置定语。【例如】Heisoneofthepersonsaliveaftertheflood.Theoldmanwastheonlypersonawakeatthemoment.3)这类形容词中有些像alike(相同),alone(单独),amiss(差别),afire(燃烧着),adrift(漂流),afloat(漂浮),afoot(徒步)等既是表语形容词,又是副词,它们的用法不同。【例如】Thetwinslooksomuchalikethatitisdifficulttodistinguishonefromtheother.MybrotherandIalikearefunsofpopmusic.4)一些表示身体健康情况的形容词,如ill,well,unwell,fit,poorly等,一般作表语。【例如】Idon’tfeelwell,Ineedtogotoseethedoctor.Howtokeepfitisapopulartopicthesedays副词1.副词在句中的位置1)修饰形容词或副词时,通常放在前面。2)当句子的谓语动词是行为动词时,频度副词一般放在谓语动词之前。句中有be或助动词、情态动词时,放在其后。【例如】Ioftengotothecinemaonweekendwithmyhusband.Icanhardlyunderstandhimforwhathesaidwasreallyconfusing.Ihaveneverbeenabroaduntilnow.3)程度副词修饰形容词或副词,通常放在被修饰的形容词之前。但是enough总是放在所修饰的形容词或副词之后。【例如】Theboydidn’tworkhardenough.Heisquitediligent.Buthisachievementisnotgoodenough.4)only的位置比较灵活,修饰哪个词,就放在哪个词的前面,以示强调。【例如】IonlysawJohnyesterday.Ididn’tseehiswife.Ihaveboughttwokilosofpotatoesonly.Onlyintheafternoon,canyouborrowbooksfromtheuniversitylibrary.5)onlytoopleasedtodosth:非常想干某事Ionlytoopleasedtogohome.2).副词的作用与构成副词用来修饰形容词、副词和动词。大部分副词由“形容词+ly”构成,如:happy→happily,slow→slowly,wonderful→wonderfully等。但有些以ly结尾的词却不是形容词,而是副词,如:friendly,brotherly,likely,lonely等。有些词可以作形容词也可以作副词,如:early,late,fast,hard,low,much,near等。3)fairly,quite,rather表示“十分,非常”。fairly语气最弱,放在不定冠词之后;quite语气较强,放在不定冠词之前;rather语气最强,可放在不定冠词前后,也可放在比较级前和too之前。【例如】Thisisafairlyinterestingstory.Iwanttotellittomyfriends.Youhavemadequiteafewmistakesinyouwriting.(quiteafew=many)TheweatherisrathercoldertodaythanIhaveexpected.Thestudentwasrathertoodull.4).具有两种形式的副词英语中有的副词兼有两种形式:一种是与形容词同形;另一种是在该形容词后面加副词词缀构成。这两种形式的副词在词义和用法上有一定的差异,有的甚至完全不同。常见的这类副词有:firm稳固地firmly坚固地direct径直地directly恰好flat平淡地flatly直截了当地short突然shortly不久even甚至evenly平均地clean完全地,径直地cleanly清洁地,干净利索地clear隔开,不接触clearly清晰地,明显地close近closely紧密地,接近地easy安适地easily容易地dead突然地,完全地deadly死一般地,非常fair公平,正直地fairly相当地?right还好,适当地rightly改正地,合理地,正确地just正好justly公正地sharp突然地,急剧地sharply严厉地【例句】Don’tcometooclose./Icloselyresemblemyfather.Thetrainstoppeddead./Sheturneddeadlypale.??Sheslippedrighttothebottomoftheicymountain./Iamrightlyinformed.例1):Fixthepost____intheground.A)firmedB)firmlyC)firmlyD)firm答案为D。firmly意味“坚固地,顽固地”,在此句中不妥,firm意为“稳固地,牢固地”,合乎题意要求。句意:把这个桩子牢固地钉在地上。例2)Communismcanneverbetakenastheequivalentofeating____andriding____.A)free;freeB)freely;freelyC)free;freelyD)freely;free答案为A。free意为“免费地”,freely意为“自由自在地,不受约束地”。句意:共产主义决不能理解为白吃饭和免费乘车。例3)Thedeskwas___inthecenteroftheroom.A)directB)directedC)directingD)directly答案为D。题意:书桌刚好在屋子中央。比较级1.比较级的修饰词比较级可以用much,far,alot,agreatdeal,alittle,abit,byfar来修饰。【例如】SheismuchmorebeautifulthanIhavethought.ThesituationisfarmorecomplicatedthanIhaveimagined.Icandoalittlebetterthanyou.Letmedoit.2.形容词、副词比较级1)比较的成分要对等。【例如】Heismoreconcernedaboutothersthanabouthimself.Myfatherisinbetterhealthnowthanlastyear.ThepopulationofChinaislargerthanthatofAmerica.2)the+比较级……,the+比较级……意为“越……,越……”。前面部分是从句,后面部分是主句。【例如】Theharderyouwork,themoresuccessfulyouwillbe.Theearlieryoucome,thebetterplaceyoucanfind3.没有比较级的形容词和副词1)有些程度副词,如:quite,rather,comparatively,incomparably,relatively,fairly等与形容词连用具有“比较”含义。故这时句中的形容词不能再使用比较级。【例如】Itisasetofcomparativelynewinstrumentinourlaboratory.Thisbookisratherdifficultforthejuniors,butfairlyeasyfortheseniors.2)下列几类形容词也没有比较等级:(1)表示“终极”意义或绝对概念的形容词或副词。如:absolute(ly),blind,dead,excellent,entire,living,full,perfect(ly),round,relative,wrong等。(2)表示时间、方位或方向的形容词或副词。如:back,backward,forward,front,past,monthly,weekly,present,southern,vertical等。(3)部分表示事物性质、物质材料或结构成分的形容词。如:atomic,cultural,economic,educational,golden,political,scientific,silken,urban,wooden等。(4)本身具有“最”或“唯一”概念的形容词。如:maximal,mere,minimal,matchless,sole,onlyunique等。4.不用than的比较并不是所有的形容词表示比较时都用than,英语中有几个以-or结尾源于拉丁语的形容词,由于其原级已具有比较的含义,在表示比较时不用than,而用to。这类形容词不多,计有:anterior/priorto(先于),posteriorto(在……之后),superiorto(优于),inferiorto(劣于),juniorto(年幼于),seniorto(年长于)。【例如】Thistaskispriortoallothers.Hethinksheissuperiortohisclassmatesbecausehisfatherisaveryimportantpeople.TheRedArmywasinferiorinequipmentbutsuperiorinmoraletotheenemy.MyarrivalinBeijingisposteriortothatofourmanager.Ithappenedpriortomyarrival.Theofficial’srankisseniortohisfather’s.Maryistwoyearsseniortome,andhersisterisjuniortomebythreeyears.5.几个含有than的结构1)nomorethan只,仅仅,只不过是(=onl
本文标题:形容词和副词
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