William-Butler-Yeats-英语诗歌理解-叶芝

WilliamButlerYeats(June1865–January1939)•Achievements&Works•Style•MaudGonne•Poems:“TheLakeIsleofInnisfree”“Whenyouareold”“LedaandtheSwan”“Thesecondcoming”“TheWildSwansAtCoole”AnIrishpoetandoneoftheforemostfiguresof20thcenturyliteratureApillarofboththeIrishandBritishliteraryestablishmentsServedasanIrishSenatorfortwotermsinhislateryearsAdrivingforcebehindtheIrishLiteraryRevival（爱尔兰文艺复兴运动）AlongwithLadyGregory,EdwardMartyn,andothers,foundedtheAbbeyTheatre,whereheservedasitschiefduringitsearlyyears.AchievementsAwardedtheNobelPrizeinLiteratureasthefirstIrishmanin1923Describedasinspiredpoetry,whichinahighlyartisticformgivesexpressiontothespiritofawholenation.bytheNobelCommittee.(“用鼓舞人心的诗篇，以高度的艺术形式表达了整个民族的精神风貌”)YeatsisgenerallyconsideredoneofthefewwriterswhocompletedtheirgreatestworksafterbeingawardedtheNobelPrize;suchworksincludeTheTower(1928)andTheWindingStairandOtherPoems(1929).Works•Fiction–TheCelticTwilight•Non-Fiction–FourYears•Plays–TheCountessCathleen–TheHourGlass–TheLandOfHeart'sDesire•ShortStories–RosaAlchemica–StoriesofRedHanrahan–SyngeAndTheIrelandOfHisTime–OutoftheRose–TheHeartoftheSpring–TheCurseoftheFiresandoftheShadows–TheOldMenoftheTwilight–WhereThereisNothing,ThereisGod•OfCostellotheProudPoetry–APrayerForMyDaughter–AedhWishesForTheClothesOfHeaven–AgainstUnworthyPraise–BaileAndAillinn–BrokenDreams–Easter,1916–HeWishesForTheClothsOfHeaven–HerPraise–IntheSevenWoods–KingAndNoKing–LapisLazuli–LedaAndTheSwan–NoSecondTroy–ODoNotLoveTooLong–Politics–SailingtoByzantium–Swift'sEpitaph–TheArrow–TheBlackTower–TheCrucifixionOfTheOutcast–TheDolls–TheEverlastingVoices–TheFish–TheHarpofAengus•TheHostOfTheAir–TheHostingOfTheSidhe–TheLakeIsleOfInnisfree–TheLoverTellsOfTheRoseInHisHeart–TheMask–TheMoods–TheOldAgeOfQueenMaeve–TheRoseTree–TheSecondComing–TheSecretRose–TheSevenSages–TheShadowyWaters–TheSongoftheHappyShepherd–TheStolenChild–TheThreeBeggars–TheTower–TheTwoTrees–TheWheel–TheWildSwansAtCoole–TheWisdomOfTheKing–ToAYoungBeauty–ToAYoungGirl–ToTheRoseUponTheRoodOfTime–TowardsBreakOfDay–WhatWasLost–WhenYouAreOldStyleHewasaSymbolistpoet,inthatheusedallusiveimageryandsymbolicstructuresthroughouthiscareer.Hisuseofsymbolsisusuallysomethingphysicalthatisbothitselfandasuggestionofother,perhapsimmaterial,timelessqualities.Yeatswasamasterofthetraditionalforms.TheimpactofmodernismonhisworkcanbeseenintheincreasingabandonmentofthemoreconventionallypoeticdictionofhisearlyworkinfavorofthemoreausterelanguageandmoredirectapproachtohisthemesthatincreasinglycharacterizesthepoetryandplaysofhismiddleperiodHislaterpoetryandplaysarewritteninamorepersonalvein,andtheworkswritteninthelasttwentyyearsofhislifeincludementionofhissonanddaughter,aswellasmeditationsontheexperienceofgrowingold.WhileYeats'earlypoetrydrewheavilyonIrishmythandfolklore,hislaterworkwasengagedwithmorecontemporaryissues,andhisstyleunderwentadramatictransformation.HisworkcanbedividedintothreegeneralperiodsTheearlypoemsarelushlypre-Raphaeliteintone,self-consciouslyornate,and,attimes,accordingtounsympatheticcritics,stilted.YeatsbeganbywritingepicpoemssuchasTheIsleofStatuesandTheWanderingsofOisin.Hisotherearlypoemsarelyricsonthethemesofloveormysticalandesotericsubjects.Yeats'middleperiodsawhimabandonthepre-RaphaelitecharacterofhisearlyworkandattempttoturnhimselfintoaLandor-stylesocialironist.Yeats'laterworkfoundnewimaginativeinspirationinthemysticalsystemhebegantoworkoutforhimselfundertheinfluenceofspiritualism.Inmanyways,thispoetryisareturntothevisionofhisearlierwork.Style•oneofthetwentiethcentury'skeyEnglishlanguagepoets•aSymbolistpoet•usedallusiveimageryandsymbolicstructuresthroughouthiscareer.Yeatschosewordsandassembledthemsothat,inadditiontoaparticularmeaning,theysuggestotherabstractthoughtsthatmayseemmoresignificantandresonant（引起共鸣的）.•Unlikeothermodernistswhoexperimentedwithfreeverse,Yeatswasamasterofthetraditionalforms.•WhileYeats'earlypoetrydrewheavilyonIrishmythandfolklore,hislaterworkwasengagedwithmorecontemporaryissues,andhisstyleunderwentadramatictransformation.EarlyyearsbornandeducatedinDublinandinLondonspenthischildhoodholidaysinCountySligo.studiedpoetryinhisyouthfascinatedbybothIrishlegendsandtheoccult(神秘的).Thosetopicsfeatureinthefirstphaseofhiswork,whichlastedroughlyuntiltheturnofthe20thcentury.From1900,Yeats'poetrygrewmorephysicalandrealistic.Helargelyrenouncedthetranscendentalbeliefsofhisyouth,thoughheremainedpreoccupiedwithphysicalandspiritualmasks,aswellaswithcyclicaltheoriesoflife.MaudGonneIn1889,YeatsmetMaudGonne,thena23-year-oldheiressandardentNationalist.GonnewaseighteenmonthsyoungerthanYeatsandlaterclaimedshemetthepoetasapaint-stainedartstudent.Yeatsdevelopedanobsessiveinfatuationwithherbeautyandoutspokenmanner,andshewastohaveasignificantandlastingeffectonhispoetryandhislifethereafter.In1891,hevisitedGonneinIrelandandproposedmarriage,butwasrejected.YeatsproposedtoGonnethreemoretimes:in1899,1900and1901.Sherefusedeachproposal.In1903,tohishorror,shemarriedtheIrishnationalistMajorJohnMacBride.HisfinalproposaltoMaudGonnetookplaceinthesummerof