第一讲：English-and-American-Drama-An-Introduction

EnglishandAmericanDrama英美戏剧欣赏AnIntroductiontodrama导论1.WhatisdramaAdramaisaworkofliteratureoracompositionwhichdelineateslifeandhumanactivitybymeansofpresentingvariousactionsof,anddialoguesbetweenagroupofcharacters.Anditisdesignedfortheatricalpresentation.Twomanifestationsofaplay(1)Itisaliterarywork,anorderofwordsonapagetoberead.作为文学文本的戏剧(2)Itisaperformance,anorderofspeechesandvisualeffectspresentedonastage.作为舞台表演的戏剧2.Whydowestudydrama?Westudydramainordertolearnwhatmeaningothershavemadeoflife,tocomprehendwhatittakestoproduceaworkofart,andtogleansomeunderstandingofourselves.Dramaproducesinaseparate,aestheticworld,amomentofbeingfortheaudiencetoexperience,whilemaintainingthedetachmentofareflectiveobserver.Togreatplaywrights,thetheatreisameansofprobinghonestlyandcourageouslyforthemeaningoflifeandmysteryofexistenceAlltheworld’sastageAndallthemenandwomenmerelyplayersTheyhavetheirexitsandtheirentrancesAndonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts…------WilliamShakespeareWhatattractsmetodramaisthatitis,inthemostobviousways,whatalltheartsare,uponalastanalysis.--------WilliamButlerYeatsThatiswhywemusthaveatheatre,foraboveall,thetheatreplacesmaninthecentreoftheworld.wemusthaveapointofadventurousstillness,thequieteyeofthestorm,fromwhichtowitnesstheageoldrevelationofamanchallengingGodintheworkingoutofhisfate.----------ArthurMillerTheoriginofwesterndrama西方戏剧起源TheWesterndramatictraditionhasitsoriginsinancientGreeceGreektragedy,originatedinthedithyrambattheDionysiaof534BC,theleadsingerofthedithyramb,amannamedThespis(泰斯庇斯),addedtothechorusanactorwithwhomhecarriedonadialogue.TheelementsandStructureofDrama戏剧要素Aristotlecategorizeddramaintosixelementsinhis“Poetics”inorderofimportanceasheviewthemPlotCharacterThoughtDictionMusicSpectaclePlot(情节)thethingsthathappenedintheplayandthewaysinwhichthoseincidentsconnectAnyplotofadramaticworknecessaryhastodowithconflictAplaymakesaprogressfrombeginning,throughmiddle,toend,orfromexposition,throughcomplication,todenouement.DramatictermsrelatedtoplotForeshadowing---预示，铺垫Conflict---戏剧冲突Risingaction---动作上行Climax---戏剧高潮Fallingaction---动作下行Anticlimax突降，反高潮Catastrophe悲剧结尾Subplot/doubleplot次要情节/双重情节expositioncomplicationdenouementexposition(戏剧呈现):itsetstheactionintimeandplaceandmakesusacquaintedwiththecharacters;itrevealsthesituationtheyarein,initiatestheconflicttobedeveloped,anditmayintroduceforeshadowingtohintattheresolution.Allthesemustbedoneclearlyandquicklycomplication（深度推进和冲突复杂化）----developstheconflictinitiatedbytheexposition,providingtheconflictwithitsdepthandbreadthpointofattack交锋点therisingaction上行的动作Climax（turningpoint，reversal）高潮Anticlimax突降，反高潮denouement（结局）Ideallythedenouementariseslogicallyfromtheexpositionandcomplication.Followingtheclimaxeverythingheadsdownwardinfallingaction.Thingsfallintoplace,andtheplayheadstowardtheconclusion.Thenit’salloverCharacter:anypersonappearinginadramaornarrativeProtagonist主角Antagonist反角Foil陪衬人物Stockcharacter/typecharacter类型化人物Theroundedorthreedimensionalcharacterswhoareneitherwhollygoodnorwhollyevil,butwhollyhumanarecertainlythemostconvincingandrichcharacters.Protagonist---themaincharacterinadram.Thischaracterisusuallythemostinterestingandsympatheticandisthepersoninvolvedintheconflictdrivingtheplot.Antagonist---acharacterorforceinconflictwiththeprotagonist.Theantagonistisoftenanothercharacterbutmayalsobeaintangibleforcesuchasnatureorsociety.Thedramaticconflictcanalsotaketheformofastrugglewiththeprotagonist’sowncharacter.Foil---acharacterwho,throughdifferenceorsimilarity,bringsoutaparticularaspectofanothercharacter.Laertes,reactingtothedeathofhisfather,actsasafoilforHamlet.Stockcharacter---astereotypicalcharactertypewhosebehavior,qualities,orbeliefsconformstofamiliardramaticconventions.Suchasthecleverservantorthebraggartsoldier.Charactersmaybeportrayedin4ways.1.characterisdelineatedbyappearance2.characterisrevealedbyspeech3.characterisestablishedbyaction4.charactermayberevealedbywhatothersayabouthim,andthewayinwhichtheyreacttohim.ThoughtThoughtreferstothereasoningaspectofdrama,thoughtalsoconcernsaplay’sthemewhichsummarizethemoralandindicatedthesymbolicmeaningoftheplayasawhole.DictionThelanguageofdramamustbedynamic.DialogueinaplaymustadvancetheactionDiscourseindramamustbeclearsincethelanguagemustbeimmediatelyunderstoodbythelistener.ThedialoguemustbeinterestingdespitetheneedforsimplicityandeconomyThedictionmustbeappropriateforthecharacterandthesituationGooddialogueinaplaymustbesuitedfororalexpressionMusicMusicreferstoalloftheauditoryaspectofaplay,includingsoundeffectsandthetonalpatternofthespokenword.Spectacle戏景Spectaclereferstoallofthevisualaspectsofproduction—scenery,lightening,costume,make-up,andthemovementoftheactor.Thecurrentacceptedattitudeisthatthevisualaspectsoftheatricalproductionisjusttoprovidethepsychologicalandphysicalenvironmentandcreatetheatmospherefortheplay.GenresofDrama戏剧类型TragedyComedyTragicomedyMelodramaProblemplayFarce……Tragedy悲剧Tragedy,then,isanimitationofanactionthatisserious,complete,andofacertainmag