《计算机英语(第3版)》练习参考答案(5-8)

UnitFive:SoftwareProcessUnitFive/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.off-the-shelf12.exclusive23.cascade34.requirements;integration45.throwaway56.immediate;stable67.reuse-oriented;framework78.software;compromisesII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:11.systemspecification系统规格说明22.unittesting单位（或单元、部件）测试33.softwarelifecycle软件生命周期（或生存周期）44.systemvalidationtesting系统验证测试55.evolutionarydevelopmentprocess演化开发过程66.simplelinearmodel简单线性模型77.programunit程序单元88.throwawayprototype抛弃式原型99.textformatting正文格式编排，文本格式化1010.systemevolution系统演变1111.系统设计范例systemdesignparadigm1212.需求分析与定义requirementsanalysisanddefinition1313.探索式编程方法exploratoryprogrammingapproach1414.系统文件编制systemdocumentation1515.瀑布模型waterfallmodel1616.系统集成systemintegration1717.商用现成软件commercialoff-the-shelf(或COTS)software1818.基于组件的软件工程component-basedsoftwareengineering(CBSE)1919.软件维护工具softwaremaintenancetool2020.软件复用softwarereuseIII.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Therearethreedifferenttypesofsoftwaremaintenance.Firstly,thereismaintenancetorepairsoftwarefaults.Codingerrorsareusuallyrelativelycheaptocorrect;designerrorsaremoreexpensiveastheymayinvolverewritingseveralprogramcomponents.Requirementserrorsarethemostexpensivetorepairbecauseoftheextensivesystemredesignthatmaybenecessary.Secondly,thereismaintenancetoadaptthesoftwaretoadifferentoperatingenvironment.Thistypeofmaintenanceisrequiredwhensomeaspectofthesystem’senvironmentsuchasthehardware,theplatformoperatingsystemorothersupportsoftwarechanges.Theapplicationsystemmustbemodifiedtoadaptittocopewiththeseenvironmentalchanges.Andthirdly,thereismaintenancetoaddtoormodifythesystem’sfunctionality.Thistypeofmaintenanceisnecessarywhenthesystemrequirementschangeinresponsetoorganizationalorbusinesschange.Thescaleofthechangesrequiredtothesoftwareisoftenmuchgreaterthanfortheothertypesofmaintenance.Inpractice,thereisn’taclear-cutdistinctionbetweenthesetypesofmaintenance.Whenyouadaptthesystemtoanewenvironment,youmayaddfunctionalitytotakeadvantageofnewenvironmentalfeatures.Softwarefaultsareoftenexposedbecauseusersusethesysteminunanticipatedways.Changingthesystemtoaccommodatetheirwayofworkingisthebestwaytofixthesefaults.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:软件过程比较复杂，而且像所有其他的智能和创造性过程一样，依靠人们作出决定和判断。由于需要判断和创造性，使软件过程自动化的尝试只取得了有限的成功。计算机辅助软件工程工具可支持软件过程的某些活动。然而，至少是在未来几年内，不可能实现更广泛的软件过程自动化，使软件能够接替参与软件过程的工程师来从事创造性设计。计算机辅助软件工程工具的有效性有限，原因之一是软件过程多种多样。不存在理想的过程，而且许多组织机构发展了自己的软件开发方法。这些软件过程不断演变，以利用组织机构中的人员的能力和开发中的系统的具体特点。对于一些系统来说，需要的是一个高度结构化的开发过程，而对于另外一些系统来说，一个灵活敏捷的过程很可能更为有效。UnitFive/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:11.entity22.duration33.data;process或process;data44.implementedII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:11.checkbox复选框，选择框，校验框22.structureddesign结构化设计33.buildingblock积木块，构建模块，构件44.databaseschema数据库模式55.radiobutton单选（按）钮66.系统建模技术systemmodelingtechnique77.模型驱动开发model-drivendevelopment88.数据流程图dataflowdiagram99.下拉式菜单drop-down(或pull-down)menu1010.滚动条scrollbarUnitFive/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:11.problem22.consequences33.design44.specific;generalII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:11.procedurallanguage过程语言22.commondesignstructure通用设计结构3.classandobjectinteraction类与对象交互24.designconstraint设计约束25.设计模式designpattern26.可复用软件reusablesoftware27.面向对象的系统object-orientedsystem28.继承层次inheritancehierarchyUnitSix:DatabaseUnitSix/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:11.flat22.data33.application;administrators44.conceptual55.tables66.fragmented;replicated77.structured88.entity-relationship;attributesII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:11.enduser最终用户，终端用户22.atomicoperation原子操作33.databaseadministrator数据库管理员44.relationaldatabasemodel关系数据库模型55.localdata本地数据66.object-orienteddatabase面向对象数据库77.databasemanagementsystem(DBMS)数据库管理系统88.entity-relationshipmodel(ERM)实体关系模型99.distributeddatabase分布式数据库1010.flatfile平面文件1111.二维表two-dimensionaltable112.数据属性dataattribute213.数据库对象databaseobject314.存储设备storagedevice415.数据类型datatype516.数据插入与删除datainsertionanddeletion617.层次数据库模型hierarchicaldatabasemodel718.数据库体系结构databasearchitecture819.关系数据库管理系统relationaldatabasemanagementsystem(RDBMS)920.全局控制总线globalcontrolbusIII.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Adatabaseisanycollectionofdataorganizedforstorageinacomputermemoryanddesignedforeasyaccessbyauthorizedusers.Thedatamaybeintheformoftext,numbers,orencodedgraphics.SmalldatabaseswerefirstdevelopedorfundedbytheU.S.governmentforagencyorprofessionaluse.Inthe1960s,somedatabasesbecamecommerciallyavailable,buttheirusewasfunnelled(传送)throughafewso-calledresearchcentersthatcollectedinformationinquiriesandhandledtheminbatches.Onlinedatabases—thatis,databasesavailabletoanyonewhocouldlinkuptothembycomputer—firstappearedinthe1970s.Sincetheirfirst,experimentalappearanceinthe1950s,databas