PPT for Lexicology (1.introduction (new))

Introduction楚军外国语学院EnglishLexicologyForeword1.Requirements:(1)Preview&revieweachchaptereverytime;(2)Beactiveandcooperativeinclass;(3)Answerquestions,doexercisesandhomeworkcarefullyandcreatively;(4)Yourfinalscore=yourattendance/performance,includingquestion-answering,exercises,homework,etc.(10%)+Mid-termquiz(20%)+finaltestpaper(70%).Foreword2.Aimsandsignificanceofthecourse:•Lexicologystudiesvocabulary,andvocabularyisoneofthethreemainaspectsoflanguage,theothertwobeinggrammarandsoundsystem.•Thevocabularyofalanguageisoneofthemostimportantcriteriatojudgethelevelofyourmasteryofthegivenlanguage.2.Aimsandsignificanceofthecourse:•ThiscoursewillprovideyouwithsomescientificmethodstoenrichyourEnglishvocabulary.•a.word-structure/word-formation;•b.semanticstructure/senserelations;•c.relationshipbetweencontext&meaning;•d.Englishidioms;•e.AmericanEnglish;•f.useofEnglishdictionaries.Foreword3.Textbookandreferencebooks:Text-book:AnIntroductiontoModernEnglishLexicologybyZhangYun-feiSupplementaryreadings:ModernEnglishLexicologybyLuGuo-qiang,ShanghaiForeignLanguagesEducationalPublishingHouse,1983.APracticalEnglishLexicologybyWangRong-pei,Liaolinpeople’sPublishingHouse,1984.WordPowerMadeEasybyNormanLewis,1978.(ACompleteHandbookforBuildingASuperiorVocabulary.)Foreword4.Examinationforms:(1)Multiplechoices:basicconcepts,theoryoflexicology,senserelations,figuresofspeech,word-formation,etc.(2)Definingtheterms;(3)Discussingsomequestions;(4)E-Ctranslation.ForewordLexicology,Linguistics,Vocabulary,Word,WordEquivalent•Lexicology:•“lexis”means“word,phrase”,“lexico”means“havingtodowithwords”;“logos”denotes“adepartmentofknowledge”.•Theliteralmeaningoflexicologyisthe“scienceofwords”.Lexicologyisdefinedasabranchoflinguisticsdealingwiththevocabularyofalanguageandthepropertiesofwordsasthemainunitoflanguage.DefiningseveraltermsDefiningseveralterms•Linguistics:•“lingua”means“language”,“-tics”means“asubjectofknowledge.Linguisticsreferstoascientificstudyoflanguage.•Vocabulary:•denotingthesystemformedbythesumtotalofallthewordsandwordequivalentsthatthelanguagepossesses•Word:(1)Acommon-sensedefinition:thebasicmeaningfulunitofagivenlanguage.(2)AclassicaldefinitionofBloomfield’s:aminimumfreeform.Bloomfieldclassifiedlinguisticformsintoboundandfreeforms:aboundformisneverusedasaword,itmustappearwithatleastonemoreotherform,boundorfree.Afreeformisaword.DefiningseveraltermsDefiningseveralterms•Word:(3)Amodernlinguisticdefinition(thethreecriteriaof“word”):(byaFrenchlinguistnamedAntoineMeillet)“Awordisdefinedbytheassociationofagivensensewithagivengroupofsoundscapableofagivengrammaticaluse/syntacticfunction.e.g.loudly:/ˊlaudli/,“stronglyaudiblenoise”,anadverbusedasadverbial.•Wordequivalent:denotingEnglishidiomsorword-grouprepresentingasemanticunitanditisequivalenttoasinglewordinthesentence.E.g.putupwith=endureDefiningseveralterms(1)morphology:morphologicalstructuresandword-formationprocesses(2)Semantics(semasiology):abranchoflinguisticsitselfandalsoasub-branchoflexicology.Semanticsisdefinedasstudyofmeaningandsense-relationssuchaspolysemy,synonymy,hyponymy,antonymy,homonymy.Sub-branchesoflexicology(3)Etymology:Itstudiesthemeaningofwordsfromthehistoricalpointofview.Itstudiesthemeaning,originandhistoryofindividualwordsandtheirdevelopment.Soetymologyiscloselyrelatedtothehistoryofalanguageandtothehistoryofthepeoplewhospeakit.Sub-branchesoflexicology(4)HistoricalLexicology:ItstudiesthedevelopmentofthevocabularyasawholeonthebasisofetymologyandothersciencessuchasthehistoryoftheEnglishlanguageandEnglishsocialhistory.(5)Phraseology:Lexicologyalsostudiessetexpressions,cast-ironidioms.Phraseologyistostudytheirformation,usage,classificationandcharacteristics.(6)Lexicography:Itconcernsthescienceofdictionary-compiling.Sub-branchesoflexicologySynchronicanddiachronicapproaches•Synchronicapproachistodescribethecorrelationshipbetweendifferentelementsofalanguageinarelativelystablestateinacertainperiodoftime—synchroniclinguistics.•diachronicapproachistostudythehistory,developmentofeachelementinthecourseoftimeinalanguage—diachroniclinguistics.TwoprincipalapproachestolinguisticinvestigationTherelationbetweenthetwoapproaches:•Thetwoapproachesareinterconnectedandinterdependent,andthesynchronicstateofalanguagesystemistheresultofalongprocessofhistoricaldevelopment(thediachronicchange).Twoprincipalapproachestolinguisticinvestigation1.TheSizeoftheEnglishVocabulary:-nearertohalfamillion.1755,Dr.Johnson:2-vol.Dictionary:about50,000words.1928，10-vol.Dictionary:414,825words.AGeneralSurveyofEnglishVocabulary(1)TheoldEnglish,Anglo-Saxon.Period:450AD—1100FourdialectsinOldEnglishperiod:a.Northumbrianb.Mercianc.Kentishd.Saxon(WestSaxon)(2)TheMiddleEnglishPeriod:1100-1500(3)TheModernEnglishPeriod:a)TheearlyModernEnglishPeriod:1500-1700b)ThelateModernEnglishPeriod:1700-presentRegularizationandstandardization2.DivisioninthehistoryofEnglish•ThenativeelementinModernEnglish1)Semanticgroupsofnativewordsthenumerals,themostintimatefamilyrelations,naturalphenomenaandplanets,commonanimals,commonqualities&prope