Philip--Freneau

BriefReviewtoLiteratureofReasonandRevolutionPeriod:1776-theendof18thcenturyHistoricalevent:TheWarforIndependence(1775-1783)Literarytheme:PoliticsRepresentatives:BenjaminFranklinThomasPaineThomasJeffersonPhilipFreneauTheAutobiographyPoorRichard’sAlmanacPhilipFreneau(1752-1832)Titles“PoetoftheAmericanRevolution”“FatherofAmericanPoetry”“PioneeroftheNewRomanticism”WorksTheHouseofNight(1776)夜之屋TheBritishPrisonShip(1781)英国囚船TheWildHoneysuckle(1786)野金银花TheIndianBuryingGround(1788)印第安人墓地ToaCaty-Did致蝈蝈儿（致纺织娘，卡提地颂）ThreeLyricsTheWildHoneysuckle(1786)野金银花TheIndianBuryingGround(1788)印第安人墓地ToaCaty-Did致蝈蝈儿（致纺织娘，卡提地颂）PhilipFreneauTheWildHoneySuckle野金银花Honeysuckle忍冬花，俗称金银花•Fragrant•acidsoils•herbaceousplant•shortlived•likeswaterBackgroundinformation-Freneaucameacrossaclusterofwildhoneysucklewhenhewastakingawalking,whichinspiredhimtowritethepoemFairflower,thatdostsocomelygrow,Hidinthissilent,dullretreat,Untouchedthyhoneyedblossomsblow,Unseenthylittlebranchesgreet:Norovingfootshallcrushtheehere,Nobusyhandprovokeatear.ByNature'sselfinwhitearrayed,Shebadetheeshunthevulgareye,Andplantedheretheguardianshade,Andsentsoftwatersmurmuringby;Thusquietlythysummergoes,Thydaysdecliningtorepose.Smitwiththosechamrs,thatmustdecay,Igrievetoseeyourfuturedoom;Theydied-norwerethoseflowersmoregay,TheflowersthatdidinEdenbloom;Unpityingfrosts,andAutumn'spowerShallleavenovestigeofthisflower.FrommorningsunsandeveningdewsAtfirstthylittlebeingcame:Ifnothingonce,younothinglose,Forwhenyoudieyouarethesame;Thespacebetween,isbutanhour,Thefraildurationofflower.Metricalpattern(iambictetrameter四音步抑扬格)Fairflower,thatdostsocomelygrow﹀\﹀\﹀\﹀\Hidinthissilent,dullretreat﹀\﹀\﹀\﹀\Untouchedthyhoneyedblossomsblow,﹀\﹀\﹀\﹀\Unseenthylittlebranchesgreet:﹀\﹀\﹀\﹀\Norovingfootshallcrushtheehere,﹀\﹀\﹀\﹀\Nobusyhandprovokeatear.﹀\﹀\﹀\﹀\AppreciationofthepoemRhymeandForm•Rhyme:ababcc•Form:foursix-linestanzasQuestions1.Canyoufindoutthewordsofdescribingthefloweranditsgrowingenvironment?-theelegantandpureimage/admirationtonature2.Whatdo“they”in3rdstanzareferto?3.WhatistheimpliedmeaningofEden?-thefateofhumanandsin4.What’stheemotionoftheauthorin3rdstanza?-grieve,helplessness5.What’sthechangeoftheauthor’semotioninthe4thstanza?-generousandpositiveStructure(stanza1-2):depictionofscenery-thefragrance,thewhitecolor,andtheenvironmentoftheflower;(stanza3-4):expressionofemotion-lamentationoverthe“future’sdoom”oftheflower,andthefateofmanPart1Part2ConclusionWhatideascanwedrawfromthepoem?1.Admirationtowardsnature2.Transienceoflife3.Generousandpositiveattitudetowardsdeath美好的花呀，你长得：这么秀丽，却藏身在这僻静沉闷的地方——甜美的花儿开了却没人亲昵，招展的小小枝梢也没人观赏；没游来荡去的脚来把你踩碎，没东攀西摘的手来催你落泪。大自然把你打扮得一身洁白，她叫你避开庸俗粗鄙的目光，她布置下树荫把你护卫起来，又让潺潺的柔波淌过你身旁；你的夏天就这样静静地消逝，这时候你日见萎蔫终将安息。那些难免消逝的美使我销魂，想起你未来的结局我就心疼，别的那些花儿也不比你幸运——虽开放在伊甸园中也已凋零，无情的寒霜再加秋风的威力，会叫这花朵消失得一无踪迹。朝阳和晚露当初曾把你养育，让你这小小的生命来到世上，原来若乌有，就没什么可失去，因为你的死让你同先前一样；这来去之间不过是一个钟点——这就是脆弱的花享有的天年。黄杲炘译美丽的金银花，你粲然绽放于幽静一角。芳菲满枝，无人垂顾，迎风起舞，无人注目。游子从不践踏你的玉体，过客从不催落你的泪滴。造化令你素裹银妆，你得以远离庸人的目光。她赐予你一片绿阴葱葱，她带给你一泓流水淙淙。恬静的夏日倏然流淌，你终于红衰翠减，玉陨香消。妩媚动人，你却无法盛颜久长，落红满地，你令我黯然神伤。纵然在伊甸乐园，人间天堂，也难免一日凋零，满目凄凉。萧瑟秋风，凄白秋霜，你终于消失得无影无踪。朝霞暮露，孕育了你娇小的身躯。你从尘土来，又归尘土去，来时一无所有，去时化作尘土，可叹生命苦短，你终究红消香断。Analysisof“ToaCaty-Did”•Theimageof“hermit”（隐士）•Thetransienceoflife•Theconflictbetweenhumanandnature,andtheirresistiblelawofnatureWhatphilosophicalthoughtsdoesthispoemindicate?•Similarities:thebeautyofnature,thetransienceofnature,•Differences:theemotionofreliefrefertotheconflictbetweenhumanandnature,andpointsouttheirresistibleofthelawofnature.ThesimilaritiesanddifferencesinthemesbetweentheabovetwopoemsTheIndianBuryingGroundIntroduction◆In1787,FreneauchancedtopayavisittoanIndiantribeandsawthestrangewayoftheIndiansburyingabody.◆Freneauwasgreatlyshockedanddeeplyimpressedbytheirburyingthedeadinasittingpostureandthatresultedinthispoemofrichimagination.FuneralritesinChina土葬火葬鸟葬或天葬:即人死后，弃尸郊野或高山巅，使鸟啄食，认为可使死者魂升入天界。我国古代南方、内蒙及西藏、青海等地有此俗。悬棺葬:即人死后，亲属殓遗体入棺，将木棺悬置于插入悬崖绝壁的木桩上，或置于崖洞中、崖缝内，或半悬于崖外。水葬风葬：藏族、东北、内蒙古等地流行的一种风葬法。藏人的葬法是将尸体焚化，再有亲人带到高山顶上顺风扬撒。藏人认为，骨灰被风刮到哪里，哪里就是他的转世之地。塔葬：塔葬也是藏族最高贵的一种葬式，又称灵塔葬。FuneralritesinChinaReadbyyourselvesaccordingtothetranslation不管学者们说过什么我依然坚持我的老观点我们给死者安排的姿势表明了灵魂的永远安眠这地方的古人并不如此—印第安人一朝离开世人就再次同亲友坐在一起重新把欢乐的宴席分享鸟儿的装饰，带彩绘的碗为路上食用备好的鹿肉说明那灵魂具有的特点—它的活动可没有个尽头他的弓随时可以引满而发那一支支按有石镞的箭—这只能说明生命离开他但原来的想法没有改变陌生的人啊，你该来这里但是可不要把死者冤枉---把这隆起的草冢看仔细，并说他们是坐而不是躺这还剩一块高高的岩石，虽给雨侵蚀的斑驳无状（精细的眼睛能由此分辨）那原始民族的种种想象还有一颗高耸的老榆树在它伸得远远的影子下（牧羊人对此喜爱如初)林中的孩子们游戏玩耍常有不眠的印第安女王（这是梳辫的浅肤色的示巴女王）和许多野蛮的形象出场把逗留在那里的人责骂只见他全身行猎的装束在月明露重的午夜时分这猎手仍在把鹿儿追可这猎手和鹿都是幽灵纹身的酋长，锋利的矛尖畏怯的想象将久久看见而理智本身会对之屈膝在这种种的幽灵、幻象前CultureintroductionUnlikethewhiteman'stradition,intheIndian's,thedeadIndianisdressedinspecialclothesasthoughcelebratingahappyevent.DeathintheIndiantraditionhasadifferentmeaning.Itisnolongerthatsadanddreadfuleventthateveryoneisafraidof.Thedeadpersonbecomesawarriorwhoprotectstheland.ConclusionThepoemisabout:anIndianculture,especiallyIndianfuneral.Itdescribesdeathinthistradition,whichislookedatas.Still,thespeakerrevealsalotaboutitsasthepoemgoeson.Itisamessageinvitingpeopletounderstandthiscultureasitiswithoutprejudices.rude