戴炜栋主编英语语言学教程第4章课件_Semantics

1英语语言学EnglishLinguistics2ChapterFiveSemanticsQuestions(therhetoricuseofEnglishwords):1)Whyisariverrich?2)WhySaturdayandSundayarethestrongestdays?3)Whatcolorwouldyoupaintthesunandthewind?”3Topics:5.1Whatissemantics语义学的定义5.2Someviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning关于意义研究的一些观点5.3Lexicalmeaning词汇意义的主要意义关系5.4Senserelationsbetweensentences句子之间的意义关系5.5Analysisofmeaning意义分析451.5.1Whatissemantics----thestudyofmeaninginlanguage.Whatismeaning?Themeaningofwords:LexicalsemanticsThemeaningofsentences:Propositionalmeaning,compositionalmeaningMeaninghasbeenstudiedforthousandsofyearsbyphilosophers,logiciansandlinguists.E.g.Plato&Aristotle.6Themeaningofmeaning（“meaning”的意义）Johnmeanstowrite.(intend打算)Agreenlightmeanstogo.(indicate指示“行”)7Healthmeanseverything.(indicate)健康意味着一切Hislookwasfullofmeaning.(intention)他的目光表露了他全部意图8Whatisthemeaningoflife?(sense意义)9Whatdoes‘capitalist’meantoyou?（signify表示)105.2SomeviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaningNamingtheory命名论(Plato)Theconceptualistview概念论Contextualism语境理论(Bloomfield)Behaviorism行为理论115.2.1Thenamingtheory命名论(Plato)Wordsarenamesorlabelsforthings.词语只是物体的名字或标记Limitations局限性:1)Applicabletonounsonly.2)Therearenounswhichdenotethingsthatdonotexistintherealworld,e.g.ghost,dragon,unicorn,phenix…3)Therearenounsthatdonotrefertophysicalobjectsbutabstractnotions,e.g.joy,impulse,hatred…125.2.2.Theconceptualistview概念论Theviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatisrefersto.Thisisbestillustratedbytheclassicsemantictriangle经典语义三角理论suggestedbyOgden&Richardsthought/concept/image指称Symbol符号referent所指(word)standsfor(object)13airplane145.2.3Contextualism语境论Meaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation场景,use用法,context语境—elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehavior.Twotypesofcontextsarerecognized:1)Situationalcontext2)Linguisticcontext:theprobabilityofaword’sco-occurrenceorcollocation.e.g.“black”inblackhair&blackcoffee,orblacksheepdiffersinmeaning.155.2.4Behaviorism行为主义Meaning:“thesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer”(BloomfieldBehaviorists)ThestoryofJackandJill:JillJackS_________r--------s_________R生理刺激—语言反应—语言刺激—非语言反应165.3Lexicalmeaning5.3.1Senseandreference意义和指称Senseandreferencearebothconcernedwiththestudyofwordmeaning.Theyaretworelatedbutdifferentaspectsofmeaning.Sense----isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractandde-contextualized.Itisdictionarymeaning词典意义17Reference指称（referent词语所指事物）----whatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld语言和客观世界的关系Itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.18Note:Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations;（yourdogandmydog)Ontheotherhand,therearealsooccasions,whenlinguisticformswiththesamereferencemightdifferinsense,e.g.themorningstarandtheeveningstar;risingsuninthemorningandthesunsetatdusk.Themooninforeigncountriesisrounder?195.3.2.MajorsenserelationsSynonymyPolysemyHomonymyHyponymyAntonymyGradableComplementaryRelational205.3.2.1Synonymy同义现象buy/purchasethrifty/economical/stingyautumn/fallflat/apartmentlift/elevator21Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.1)Dialectalsynonyms方言同义词----synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects,e.g.autumn–fall,luggage--baggage,petrol–gasoline…2)Stylisticsynonyms文体同义词----synonymsdifferinginstyle,e.g.kid,child,offspring;start,begin,commence…223)Synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning情感或评价意义不同的词,e.g.Apersonwhohelpsanother:collaborator合作者-accomplice帮凶4)Collocationalsynonyms搭配同义词,e.g.accuse…of,charge…with,rebuke…for;…5)Semanticallydifferentsynonyms语义不同的词,e.g.amaze好奇,astound使震惊5.3.2.2PolysemyPolysemicorpolyemousword---awordhavingmorethanonemeaningE.g.table(Seep.68)（bachelorandmaster)23245.3.2.3Homonymy同音异义同形异义Homonymy----thephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,e.g.differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.Suchwordsarecalledhomonyms.Homophone----whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,e.g.rain-reign,night/knight,…25Homogragh----whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,e.g.tear(n.)-tear(v.),lead(n.)-lead(v.),…Completehomonym----whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,e.g.ball,bank,watch,scale,fast,…Therhetoricuseofhomonym1)Whyisariverrich?Becauseithastwobanks.2)WhySaturdayandSundayarethestrongestdays?Becausealltheothersareweek(weak)days.3)Whatcolorwouldyoupaintthesunandthewind?”Thesunroseandwindblue.(rise-rose;blow-blew)26275.3.2.4Hyponymy上下义关系----thesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.InclusivenessAisincludedin/akindofB.Cf.chair,table,furniture;rose,tulip郁金香,flower;tiger,lion,elephant,animal...Superordinate:themoregeneraltermHyponyms:themorespecifictermCo-hyponyms:membersofthesameclass285.3.2.5Antonymy反义关系Gradableantonyms等级反义词Complementaryantonyms互补反义词----thedenialofonememberofthepairimpliestheassertionoftheother,e.g.alive-dead,male-female,…Relationalopposites关系反义词----exhibitsthe