2012英美概况教案2

新年2012壬辰年(龙年)AnIntroductiontotheSocietyandCultureoftheMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom(1)FocalPoints:DifferentNamesforBritainandItsPartsGeographicalFeaturesandNaturalResourcesClimatePeopleDifferentNamesandItsPartsFullName:TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland（大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国）GreatBritain:England,Scotland,WalesTheBritishIsles:大不列颠群岛GreatBritainandIrelandTheIsleofWight(tothesouthofEngland)TheIslesofScilly(tothesouthwestofScotland)AngleseyorAldersey(tothenorthpartofWales)OuterHebridesandInnerHebrides(tothewestpartofScotland)OrkneyIslandsandShetlandIsland(tothenortheastpartofScotland)Capitals:London(England)Edinburgh(Scotland)Cardiff(Wales)Belfast(NorthernIreland)TheCommonwealthofNations英联邦Itwasestablishedin1931,afreeassociationoffifty-fourindependentmemberstatesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Ithasnospecialpowers;thedecisiontobecomeamemberoftheCommonwealthislefttoeachnation.TheCommonwealthisnotapoliticalunion,butanintergovernmentalorganizationthroughwhichcountrieswithdiversesocial,politicalandeconomicbackgroundsareregardedasequalinstates.Thememberstatescooperatewithinaframeworkofcommonvaluesandgoals.Theseincludethepromotionofdemocracy,humanrights,goodgovernance,theruleoflaw,individualliberty,egalitarianism,freetrade,multilateralism,andworldpeace.GeographicalFeaturesandNaturalResourcesBritainisanislandcountrysurroundedbythesea.IrliesintheNorthAtlanticOceanoffthenorthcoastofEurope.ItisseparatedfromtherestofEuropebytheEdnglishChannelinthesouthandtheNorthSeaintheeast.TheEnglishChannelbetweenEnglandandFranceisquitenarrowandthenarrowestpartiscalledtheStraitsofDover(多弗尔海峡）Whichisonly33kmacross.UndertheStraitsofDover,thereisachanneltunnelcalled“Chunnel”builtbytheBritishgovernmentandtheFrenchgovernment,whichwasopentotrafficinMay1994.Britaincoversanareaof244.100squarekm.Itruns1000kmfromnorthtosouthandextends,atthewidestpart,about500kilometresfromwesttoEast.(Englandinthesouth,Scotlandinthenorth,andWalesinthesouthwest).Itscoastlinerunsabouttenthousandkilometres.InBritain,noplaceisover250kilometresawayfromthesea.Englandisthelargestandmostdevelopedofallthethree.Itsareaisabout130,423,squarekilometres,Scotland78,822sq.km,Wales20,776,NorthernIreland13,600sq.km.GeographicalFeaturesLocation:IslandcountryHighlands(thenorthandwestofBritain)Lowlands(theeastandsoutheast)Rivers,lakesandmountains:SevernRiver(塞文河）(thelongestriverinBritain)ThamesRiver(泰晤士河）(thesecondlongestandmostimportantriver)RiverClyde(克莱德河）(inScotland)LoughNeagh(内伊湖）(thelargest)Snowdonia(斯诺多尼亚）(thehighestmountaininWales)BenNevis(本尼维斯山）(thehighestmountaininBritain)ThePennines(奔宁山脉）(the“BackboneofNorthernEngland”)Scafell(斯克菲尔峰）(thehighestpeakofEngland)Themainnaturalresourcesare:Petroleum,naturalgas,coal,ironandnonferrousmetalbesidesriversandlakesClimateTheclimateintheUKbelongstothemaritimeclimate.(海洋性气候）Itliesbetweenlatitude（纬度）50to60degreesnorth.Comparedwithothercountriesofthesamelatitudesithasamoremoderateclimate,inwhichwintersaremild,nottoocoldandsummersarecool,nottoohot,andithasAsteadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyear.TheaverageannualrainfallinBritainisover1,000mm.Thereisawatersurplusinthenorthandwestandawaterdeficitinthesouthandeast.Withanaveragetemperatureinwinterinthenorthis4-6℃,andinwummerinthesouthis12-17℃.Factorsthatinfluencetheclimate(1)Thesurroundingwaterstendtobalancetheseasonaldifferencesbyheatingupthelandinwinterandcoolingitoffinsummer.Astheseaheatsupandcoolsoffrelativelyslowlyitbringswarmairinwinterandcoolairinsummer.(2)Theprevailingsouth-westwindsortheWesterlies（一年四季盛行的西南风或西风）blowoverthecountryalltheyearroundbringingwarmandwetairinwinterandkeepingthetemperaturesmoderate.（气候宜人）(3)TheNorthAtlanticDrift,（北大西洋暖流）whichisawarmcurrent,passesthewesterncoastoftheBritishIslesandwarmsthem.TheFeaturesofEnglishClimate(1)Rainy,changeableandunpredictableweather.(frequentcloudydaysandrainstorms)(2)Smalldifferencesbetweentheseasons.(cooltemperatures)PeopleDenselypopulatedanduneavenlydistributedcountrywith90%ofthepopulationinurbanareaandonly10%inrural.TheancestorsoftheEnglish:Anglo-SaxonsTheancestorsoftheScots,WelshandIrish:CeltsImmigrants:MainlyfromWestIndies,IndiaandPakistanReligiousBeliefChristianCatholicMuslimJew(Jewishreligion)UnitTwoABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom(2)FocalPoints:TheOriginoftheNationTheShapingoftheNationTransitiontotheModernAgeTheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpireOriginoftheNationEarlySettlersRomanBritishTheAnglo-SaxonsTheNormanConquest1.EarlySettlers:TheIberians(伊比利来人fromSpain)(3000BC-55BC)TheStonehenge(before2000BC)TheBeakerFolk(宽口陶器人fromHollandandRhinelandabout2000BC）StonehengeisaprehistoricmonumentlocatedintheEnglishcountyofWiltshire,ontheplain,160kilomtersawayfromLondon.Stonehengeiscomposedofacircularsettingoflargestandingstones,whichcouldpossiblyhaveservedasaburialgroundfromitsearliestbeginnings.Itwasconstructedfrom3000-2000BC.AchievementsbytheBeakerFolkArtofPotteryFashionBronzeToolsCustomofindividualburialF