动词不定式

Grammar动词不定式由“不定式符号to+动词原形”构成，是动词的一种非谓语的形式，在句中不能单独作谓语。动词不定式具有动词的性质，可以有自己的宾语和状语，也可以有时态和语态的变化。同时，它也具有非动词的性质，相当于一个名词、形容词或副词，可以在句中担任很多成分。（一）动词不定式的定义1.________istobelieve.百闻不如一见。2.了解英语是一回事，会英语是另一回事。_______somethingaboutEnglishisonething;_______Englishisquiteanother.3.先制定个计划是个好主意。______aplanfirstisagoodidea.ToknowtoknowTomakeTosee（二）不定式的句法作用1)作主语：Tostudyhardisimportant.Toloseheartmeansfailure.4.学好英语很难。________________isdifficult.TostudyEnglishwelltostudyEnglishwell动词不定式作主语时，常用it做形式主语．失去信心意味着失败。Itmeansfailuretoloseheart.=Itisdifficult______________.it作形式主语,不定式作真正主语的句型结构为:Itis+adj.+(forsb.)todosth.形容词有：easy,difficult,hard,good,useful,wrong,right,necessary,impossible,important等It+adj.+(ofsb.)todosth.形容词有：kind,nice,clever,wise,foolish,careless等描述动作执行者的性格品质的形容词名词或词组常为agreatday,agreatthing,apity等。Itis+n.+(forsb.)todosth.Itisrightfortherichtohelpthepoor.Itiswiseofyounottodothat.Itwasmydutytolookintothematter.It’sagreatpleasuretoseeyouagain.it也可作形式宾语，不定式作真正的宾语后置，放在宾语补足语后面．句型结构为:WefinditimportanttolearnEnglishwell.find,feel,consider,think,make+it+adj./n+todoIfeelitunwisetoaskthisquestion.Wemakeitaruletocleanourclassroomeveryday.Herjobistocleanthehall.Heappearstohavecaughtacold.（2）作表语注意：作表语的不定式通常带to，但是当主语部分含有实义动词do，不定式作表语可省to。TheonlythingIcandois(to)wait.2)作表语：Hisjobistocleantheclassroom.Toseeistobelieve.你现在所能做的就是冷静下来。Whatyoucandonowis(to)calmdown.（1）作主语３)作宾语：Hewantstogoshoppingnow.下列动词后常跟不定式做宾语：agree;beg;choose;determine,expect;fail;help;hope;intend,learn;manage;offer;plan;pretend;promise;prefer;refuse;wish等．动词不定式也可充当介词宾语Ihavenochoicebut/excepttostayhere.HedidnothinglastSundaybutrepairhisbike.Thereisnothingtodobutwait.疑问词+todo结构也可作动词宾语。疑问词有：who,what,when,where,which,how等。和这结构连用的动词（词组）有：findout,decide,know,tell,forget,understand,wonder等。Icouldn’tdecide__________________.(买哪辆自行车)Askhim____________.(什么时候把它打开)Itoldher_____________.(怎么找到我)whichbicycletobuywhentoopenithowtofindme我不知道如何用电脑。Wehaven’tdecided______________.(什么时候开始）whentostartIdon’tknowhowtouseacomputer.下列这些词后可跟带to的不定式作宾语补足语：want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,allow,help,advise,persuade,prepare,require,encourage,expect,cause,force,invite,inspire,urge,callon,waitfor,dependon…4）作宾语补足语：下列这些词后可跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语：一感(feel)二听(hear,listento)三让(let,have,make)四观看(see,observe,watch,lookat)※但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to有人经常听到她在午夜唱歌．Heisoftenheardtosingatmidnight.Iwouldrather____(go)swimming.Youhadbetter______(tidy)yourbedroom.Whynot______(visit)yourcousininJapan?Tips:上述句型后面须接不带to的不定式。gotidyvisitThenexttraintoarrivewasfromNewYork.Hehasalotoflettertowrite.Shehasachildtotakecareof.Hebrokehispromisetowritetohisparentsregularly.5)作定语:不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词或代词之后,与被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系。主谓动宾同位6)作状语：不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、独立成分等。Tosavethechild,helaiddownhislife.Hegottothestationonlytofindthetrainhadgone.Shewasupsettofailinthedrivingtest.目的结果原因独立成分Totellthetruth,Idonotlikethewayhetalked.用来说明说话人的态度、看法、对整个句子进行解释，如tobefrank/honest（坦白地说)，tobesure（确实),tobebrief(简言之),tobeexact(准确地说），tobeginwith(首先）tomakethematterworse(更糟糕的是)等。表语主语宾语不定式宾语补足语定语状语1．（三）不定式的形式：（以动词do为例）主动被动一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone否定式：not+todo否定式：not+todo1）一般式：所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后：ToteachEnglishismyjob.Weplantopayavisit.Themeetingtobeheldtomorrowisputoff.Theteacherorderedtheworktobedone.Theboypretendedtobeworkinghard.Heseemstobereadinginhisroom.(2)进行式：所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生．（3）完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前Iregrettedtohavetoldalie.Ihappenedtohaveseenthefilm.Heispleasedtohavemethisfriend.★Shewastoosurprised_______(see)howangryherfatherwas.★Iplantoattendthemeeting____________(hold)tomorrow.★Hepretended__________(sleep)whenIcamein.toseetobeheldtobesleeping★terriblysorry___________(keep)youwaiting.★‘HarryPotter’seriesofnovelsaresaid__________________(translate)intodozensoflanguages.tohavekepttohavebeentranslated１.Helenhadtoshout______abovethesoundofthemusic.A.makingherselfhearB.tomakeherselfhearC.makingherselfheardD.tomakeherselfheardD2.Yourtimeshouldhavebeenmadeuseof_____thefinalexam,but,tomyregret,itwasn’t.A.topassB.passingC.tohavepassedD.havingpassedA3.Ihaveworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat______inmynewjob.A.expectedB.toexpectC.tobeexpectingD.expectsB4.---Howdoyoudealwiththedisagreementbetweenthecompanyandthecustomers?----Thekey_____theproblemistomeetthedemand_____bythecustomers.A.tosolving;makingB.tosolving;madeC.tosolve;makeD.tosolve;madeB5.Idon’tknowwhetheryouhappen_____,butIamgoingtostudyintheU.S.A.thisSeptember.A.tobeheardB.tobehearingC.tohearD.tohaveheardD6.Ifyouareplannedtospendyourmoneyhavingfunthisweek,better______it---you’vegotsomebigbillscoming.A.forgetB.forgotC.forgettingD.toforgetA7.Shewastheonlyone___theshipwreck.A.survivingB.havingsurvivedC.tosurviveD.survivedC8.---IsBobstillperforming?---I’mafraidnot.Heissaid____thestagealreadyashehasbecomeanofficial.A.tohaveleftB.toleaveC.tohavebeenD.tobeleftA9.Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfound_____inthekitchen.A.smokeB.smokingC.tosmokeD.smoked10.---Howdoyoudealwiththedisagreementbetweenthecompanyandthecustomers?----Thekey_____theproblemistomeetthedemand_____bythecustome