Percy Bysshe Shelley雪莱(作品总)

Shelley(1792—1822).PercyByssheShelley(1792-1827),EnglishRomanticpoetwhorebelledagainstEnglishpoliticsandconservativevalues.HeisoneofthesupremegeniusesofEnglishliterature,asalyricpoet.Shelleydrewnoessentialdistinctionbetweenpoetryandpolitics,andhisworkreflectedtheradicalideasandrevolutionaryoptimismoftheera.PercyByssheShelley(1792-1822)LifeStoryMajorLiteraryWorksFeaturesofShelley’sPoetryHisPositioninEnglishLiteratureLifeStoryBornintoawealthyfamilyatSussex,EnglandonAugust4,1792;AttendedEtonCollegein1804;wentontoOxfordUniversitysixyearslater;called“madShelley”;ExpelledfromOxfordanddisinheritedin1811forhispamphletTheNecessityofAtheism;ElopedandthenmarriedHarrietWestbrookin1811;SeparatedfromHarrietandelopedwithMarryGodwintoEuropein1814;Harriet’sdrowningin1816lefthimabadreputationasan“immoralist”;LeftEnglandin1818andstayedinItalyfortheremaining4yearsofhislife;DrownedoffLeghornonJuly8,1822.BornintoawealthyfamilyatSussex,EnglandonAugust4,1792;AttendedEtonCollegein1804;wentontoOxfordUniversitysixyearslater;called“madShelley”;ExpelledfromOxfordanddisinheritedin1811forhispamphletTheNecessityofAtheism;ElopedandthenmarriedHarrietWestbrookin1811;SeparatedfromHarrietandelopedwithMarryGodwintoEuropein1814;Harriet’sdrowningin1816lefthimabadreputationasan“immoralist”;LeftEnglandin1818andstayedinItalyfortheremaining4yearsofhislife;DrownedoffLeghornonJuly8,1822.PercyByssheShelley作者简介波西·比希·雪莱(1792-1822)出身于贵族家庭，1810年10月进入牛津大学，半年后，因印发《无神论的必然性》(TheNecessityofAtheism)小册子而被开除。离开学校后，雪莱来到伦敦，结识了哈丽特(HarriatWestbrook)并与之结婚。1812年，雪莱到爱尔兰，为激励爱尔兰人民争取自由而活动和写作。1814年7月雪莱与妻子哈丽雅特分手，不久与玛丽·戈德温(MarryGoldwin，即著名女作家MarryShelley)结合。1818年，雪莱被迫离开英国，到意大利定居。1822年，雪莱在海上遇难，时年30岁。雪莱一生创作勤奋，在去意大利前创作的重要诗作有长诗《麦布女王》(QueenMab,1813)和《伊斯兰的反叛》(TheRevoltofIslam,1817)。在意大利生活的最后几年是他创作最旺盛的时期，他先后完成了诗剧《解放了的普罗米修斯》(PrometheusUnbound,1819)和《钦契》(TheCenci,1819)，以及悼念济慈的《阿多尼》(Adonais,1821)等。此外雪莱还创作了大量充满激情的政治诗歌和脍炙人口的抒情诗，如《1819年的英国》(“Englandin1819”，1819)和《西风颂》(“OdetotheWestWind”，1819)等。雪莱的文论著作有《诗辩》(ADefenceofPoetry，1821)。ArtisticPointsofViewAlifelongaversion(厌恶)tocruelty,injustice,authority,institutionalreligionandtheformalshamsofrespectablesociety;condemningwar,tyrannyandexploitation;InfluencedbyChristianhumanismandpredicatingthatonlythroughgradualandsuitablereformsoftheexistinginstitutionscouldbenevolencebeuniversallyestablishedandnoneoftheevilswouldsurviveinthis“genuinesociety”,wherepeoplecouldlivetogetherhappily,freelyandpeacefully.WritingStyleLikeBlake,hehasareputationasadifficultpoet:erudite(博学的),imagistically(意象主义)complex,fullofclassicalandmythologicalallusions(暗示).Hisstyleaboundsinpersonificationandmetaphorandotherfiguresofspeechwhichdescribevividlywhatweseeandfeel.Richinmyth,symbolsandallusions(暗示),especiallyindescribingfire,air,water,windandearth;Strongdramaticpowerasshownintherapidityofhislines;HisPositioninEnglishHistoryOneoftheleadingromanticpoets,anintenseandoriginallyricalpoetintheEnglishlanguage.1)TheNecessityofAtheism,《无神论的必然性》，writtenwheninOxfordUniversity２)QueenMab,1813《仙后麦布》，writtenwheninLondon.３)TheRevoltofIslam,1817《伊斯兰的反叛》４)PrometheusUnbound,《解放了的普罗米修斯》，writtenwheninItaly.isthemostimportantworks,whichisregardedashismasterpiece.Thispoemaresomewhatviolentattacksagainstgovernment,priest,marriage,religion,evenGodasmensupposedhimtobe;andwithoutexceptiontheyallvoicethepoet’sundyinghopeforabetterworld.５)TheMasqueofAnarchy,《专制者的假面游行》，apoliticallyrics,writtenwheninItaly.HisLiteraryWorksASong:MenofEnglandawarcrycallingonallworkingpeopletoriseupagainsttheirpoliticaloppressors.英格兰的人们，凭什么要给蹂躏你们的老爷们耕田种地？凭什么要辛勤劳动纺织不息用锦绣去打扮暴君们的身体？凭什么，要从摇篮直到坟墓，用衣食去供养，用生命去保卫那一群忘恩负义的寄生虫类，他们在榨你们的汗，喝你们的血？MenofEngland,whereforeploughForthelordswholayyelow?WhereforeweavewithtoilandcareTherichrobesyourtyrantswear?Whereforefeedandclotheandsave,Fromthecradletothegrave,ThoseungratefuldroneswhowouldDrainyoursweat--nay,drinkyourblood?Thewestwindsymbolizesbothdestroyeroftheoldandpreserverofthenew.Note：WrittenintheAutumn,1819,andpublishedinthefollowingyear,thispoemhasbecomeoneofthemostpopularandbest-knownofShelley'sverses.OdetotheWestWind《西风颂》共分五节。在第一节中，西风在陆地上以摧枯拉朽之势横扫落叶，同时又把种子吹入泥土，点出了西风既是毁灭者又是保护者的主题。第二节描写西风在空中扫荡残云，带出了暴雨雷霆。在第三节中，西风在海上劈波斩浪，大显神威，搅醒了沉睡的海洋。以上三节咏风，把西风在陆、空、海上的凛凛威风写得酣畅淋漓。接着诗人笔锋一转，由咏物而抒怀，在第四节中表达了自己愿随西风而舞的心愿，进而在第五节中发出了愿与西风合而为一的澎湃激情。在这首颂歌中，雪莱愿借西风之力，荡涤自己心中的沉暮之气，激发自己的灵感，并将自己的诗名传播四方，唤醒昏昏然的芸芸众生。《西风颂》的影响超越了文学、超越了国界，被革命者当作自由与革命的颂歌。既是毁灭者又是保护者的西风无疑是破坏旧世界、创造新世界的革命的极好象征，所向披靡、势不可挡的西风则成了革命精神的化身，尤其是诗歌末尾的“风啊，冬天来了，春天还会远吗？”，一直是革命乐观主义者的口号。这首诗的结构安排精巧，值得品味。诗歌每节有14行五音步诗行，每节可独立成为一首十四行诗，前三节的末尾均以“oh，hear!”结尾，既在形式上把不同诗节贯串起来，又在语气上也使诗节之间相互照应。在每节内部，前12行利用三行诗(terzarima)的形式，最后两行为一个偶句(couplet)，押韵格式为ababcbcdcdedee，使诗行前后衔接，最后两行冲破格式，模仿了西风飞旋、不可阻挡的气势，既传神又达意。OdetotheWestWindThisisbestofallthewell-knownlyricpiecesbyShelley.HereShelley’srhapsodicanddeclamatorytendenciesfindasubjectperfectlysuitedtothem.Theautumnwind,buryingthedeadyear,preparingforanewspring,becomesanimageofShelleyhimself,ashewouldwanttobe,initsfreedom,itsdestructive-constructivepotential,anditsuniversality.Thewholepoemhasalogicoffeeling,anoteasilyanal