生态系统生态学选择题

1.Multiplechoice.Foreachquestion,thereisonlyonebestanswer.Circlethecorrectanswerwithyourpenorpencil.(1pt.each,40pts.total).1).Ifyouaretryingtodevelopaself-containedecosystemthatwillbeshippedintospacetolivebyitself,whichofthefollowingistheminimumsituationrequiredforsuccess:a.autotrophsonlyareneeded.b.autotrophsandheterotrophsbothareneeded.c.autotrophsanddecomposersarebothneeded.d.youmusthaveautotrophs,heterotrophs,anddecomposers.2).Seasonalityinthetropicsismostrelatedtovariationin________whileseasonalityinthetemperatezoneismostrelatedtovariationin__________.a.rainfall,temperatureb.temperature,rainfallc.thetiltoftheearth,thespinoftheearthd.thespinoftheearth,thetiltoftheearth3).Whichofthefollowingnutrientcyclesdirectlycontributestoacidrain?a.phosphoruscycleb.sulfurcyclec.hydrologiccycled.leadcycle4).Desertsareassociatedwithwhichlatitude:a.equatorialzonesb.45degreesnorthorsouthofequatorc.30degreesnorthorsouthofequatord.theyarenotassociatedwithlatitudeatall5).Whichtypeofresponsecurveismostlikelycharacteristicofmicronutrientssuchasboron?a.linearresponsec.optimumresponseb.saturationresponsed.sigmoidresponse6).Iftheearthspunintheoppositedirection,theclimateofSichuanwouldprobablybe:a.Muchwarmerthroughouttheyear.b.Generallywetterthanitisnow.c.Drierthanitpresentlyis.d.Sichuanwouldbeunaffectedbythechangeinspin.7).Theincreasingconcentrationofchemicals(includingnutrientsorpollutants)inhighertrophiclevelsistermed:a.netprimaryproductivityb.biologicalmagnificationc.trophicdynamicsd.biologicalremuneration8).Whichofthefollowingnutrientswithagaseousbiogeochemicalcyclerequiresinteractionswithspecificbacteriatomakethecycleperfect?a.oxygenb.nitrogenc.sulfurd.carbon9).Whatistypicaloflocalnutrientcyclesinsituationsthatsupportedtemperategrasslandsbeforehumansettlement?a.largeaccumulationoflitterinthesoilb.veryhighandconstantratesofdecompositionc.mostnutrientsstoredinlivingbiomassd.unusednutrientsrarelyfound10).Higherplantsmostoftenabsorbnitrogenfromthesoilintheformofa.freenitrogengasb.ammoniac.aminoacidsd.nitratese.nitrites11).Asanecosystempassesthroughthestagesofsuccessiona.itsspeciesdiversitydecreasesb.itsbiomassincreasesc.itbecomeslessstabled.itsabilitytowithstandstressdecreases12).Competitiona.describesaninteractioninwhichoneorganismisadverselyaffectedwhiletheotherisunaffectedb.occursonlyoverfoodsourcesc.mayresultinonespeciesdyingofforbeingforcedtochangeitsecologicalniched.occursonlybetweencloselyrelatedorganisms13).Asenergyflowsthroughtheecosystem,theamountavailabletoeachtrophiclevela.decreasesb.increasesc.remainsthesamed.noneoftheprioranswersiscorrect14).Whenweeatvegetablesweareactingasa.producersb.primaryconsumersc.secondaryconsumersd.decomposers15).Whyhasearth’sclimatewarmedoverthepast150years?a.increasedgreenhousegasconcentrationb.increasedsolarinputc.land-useandland-coverchanged.aandce.alloftheabove16).WhydoseasonsoccuronEarth?a.earth’sdistancefromthesunvariesthroughouttheyear.b.theCoriolisforcec.becauseofthetiltofearth’saxis.d.becausetheearthisclosetothesuninthesummerandfarfromthesuninthewinter.e.becauseofseasonalchangesinalbedo17).Whichofthefollowinghasthehighestalbedo?a.seaiceb.freshsnowc.tundrad.deserte.standingdeadgrass18).Turnoverofplanttissuesis_________inthearcticcomparedtothetropics.a.slowerb.fasterc.aboutthesamed.energeticallymoreexpensivee.noneoftheabove19).Ofthefollowing,whichisthebestsubstitutionforNPP?a.photosyntheticcapacityb.productivityperunitleafareac.totalleafaread.specificleafareae.averageleafNconcentration20).WhichseasonoftheyearhasthehighestconcentrationofCO2intheatmosphereoftheNorthernHemisphere?a.summerb.autumnc.winterd.spring21).WaterisimportantintheEarthsystembecausea.it’snecessaryforlifeb.itexistsinnatureingas,liquid,andsolidstatesc.inchangingfromonestatetoanotherenergyisstoredorreleasedd.init’svariousphasesitistheprimarymediumbywhichenergyistransmittedamongEarth’sreservoirs.e.alloftheabove.22).Wind-drivenoceancurrentsoccurina.thedeepoceanb.thesurfaceoceanc.thedeepandthesurfaceoceand.donotoccurintheocean23).Betweenwhichreservoirsdoesmostofcarbontransfertakeplace?a.betweentheatmosphereandrocksb.betweentheatmosphereandtheoceanc.betweentheatmosphereandbiomassd.betweentheoceanandrocks.24).ForasystemthatisinSteadyStatea.inflow=outflowandthecontentsofthereservoirisconstantwithtime.b.inflow=outflowandthecontentsofthereservoirgrowsovertime.c.inflow=outflowandthecontentsofthereservoirdeclinesovertime.d.inflowdoesnotequaloutflow.25).Whatarethemechanismsofinflowandoutflowintheshort-termorganiccarboncycle?a.diffusionandlithificationb.platetectonicsandrespirationc.photosynthesisandrespirationd.lithificationandrespiration26).Theinorganiccarboncycledescribesthewaythatcarbonistransportedamongthereservoirsoftheatmosphere,ocean,andsolidEartha.bymechanismsthatinvolvelivingorganisms.b.bymechanismsthatdonotinvolvelivingorganisms.c.byallmechanisms.d.bymechanismsthatusepesticidesorhormones.27).Chemicalweatheringoccurswhena.CO2dissolvesintheoceanb.Rocks(CaCO3andCaSiCO3)aredissolvedbyrainwaterandarewashedintotheocean.c.V