Daniel Defoe

SimpleintroductiontoDanielDefoe丹尼尔·笛福简介•DanielDefoe(1660-1731)Englishnovelist,politicalpamphleteer(政治宣传册作家)andjournalist,ismostfamousastheauthorofRobinsonCrusoe(1719)•Defoeisnotableforbeingoneoftheearliestpractitionersofthenovel,ashehelpedtopopularizetheforminBritain,andisevenreferredtobysomeasoneofthefoundersoftheEnglishnovel.•Asaprolific(多产的)andversatile(多才多艺的)writer,hewrotemorethanfivehundredbooks,pamphlets,andjournalsonvarioustopics(includingpolitics,crime,religion,marriage,psychologyandthesupernatural).Hewasalsoapioneerofeconomicjournalism.DanielDefoe’slife•SonofJamesandMaryFoe,amerchantfamilycommittedtoPuritanism(Presbyterians)(长老会教徒)•SoundeducationatMorton’sAcademy.OnlyAnglicanscouldgraduatefromOxfordorCambridge.•1684:MarriesMaryTuffley,anheiress(女继承人)with3,700ayear.•FoughtbrieflyintheDukeofMonmouth’srebellionagainstJamesII.•Bankruptcyanddebtturnedhimtowardswriting.•1701:writes“TheTrueBornEnglishman”•1703:Pilloriedforwriting“TheShortestWaywithDissenters.”•1719:FirstvolumeofRobinsonCrusoe.Ahitwithlowerandmiddleclasses.•1722:MollFlanders.AnovelthatdrawsonhisownexperienceinNewgateprison(纽盖特监狱).•1726:TheHistoryofTheDevil,Defoe’slastnovel.HisworksVerses:•HymntothePillory•TheTrueEnglishmanProseWorks:•TheTourthroughtheWholeIslandofGreatBritain(p.190)•CaptainSingletonDuncanCampell•MemoirsofaCavalier•ColonelJackMollFlanders•JournalofthePlagueYear•HistoryoftheDevilin1726•RobinsonCrusoe•丹尼尔·笛福(DanielDefoe,1660-1731)生于伦敦一小工商业者家庭，1731年4月26日卒于莫尔福德。幼时只受过普通中等教育。早年曾经商，办工厂，屡次破产，又屡次重新起家。笛福对写作和政治很感兴趣，早年写过很多文章和小册子，长年奔走于英格兰和苏格兰各地了解舆论情况，因文字两次获罪下狱。从1704年起，他创办《评论》杂志(TheReview,1704-1713)，这是英国第一份定期出版的文化和政治刊物，是英国报业的先驱。•笛福年近花甲才开始小说创作，他的第一部小说《鲁宾逊漂流记》(RobinsonCrusoe,1719)是其代表作，也是英国近代小说的开山之作；这部小说通过具体而真实的细节来叙述故事、刻划人物，以日常事件构成不平凡的故事，具有强烈的真实感，被认为是现实主义的创始之作。•笛福的其它小说作品包括《辛格顿船长》(CaptainSingleton,1720)、《摩尔·弗兰德斯》(MollFlanders,1722)、《大疫年日记》(AJournalofthePlagueYear,1722)和《罗克萨娜》(Roxana,1724）等。除小说外，他还写有国内外旅行游记、人物传记及其他纪实性作品以及有关经商贸易的著作。RobinsonCrusoe•鲁滨逊出身于中产阶级，他父亲常用知足常乐的哲学教育他，要他满足现状，不要出海。但海外的新世界像一股不可抗拒的吸引力诱惑着他，他雄心勃勃，决心舍弃安逸舒适的平庸生活出海远航。第一次出海他几乎淹死。第三次出海，又被海盗掳去，逃出后在巴西发了财。但他仍不死心，经别人提议，再次出航，结果滞留海岛。28年的孤岛生活阻止不了他的继续冒险。这种勇于进取的冒险精神，表现了当时新兴的资产阶级不满足于现状，要开拓世界、占有世界的欲望。RobinsonCrusoe•TheLifeandstrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoeofYork,Mariner:WholivedEightandTwentyYears,allaloneinanun-inhabitedIslandonthecoastofAmerica,neartheMouthoftheGreatRiverofOroonoque;HavingbeencastonShorebyShipwreck,where-inalltheMenperishedbuthimself.WithAnAccounthowhewasatlastasstrangelydeliver'dbyPyrates.WrittenbyHimselfReligion•Robinsonisnotahero,butaneveryman.Hebeginsasawanderer,aimlessonaseahedoesnotunderstand,andendsasapilgrim,buildingapromisedlandonadesolateisland.ThebooktellsthestoryofhowRobinsonbecomesclosertoGod,notthroughlisteningtosermonsinachurchbutthroughspendingtimealoneamongstnaturewithonlyaBibletoread.•RobinsonCrusoeisfilledwithreligiousaspects.DefoewashimselfaPuritanmoralist,•AcentralconcernofDefoe'sinthenovelistheChristiannotionofProvidence.Crusoeoftenfeelshimselfguidedbyadivinelyordainedfate,thusexplaininghisrobustoptimisminthefaceofapparenthopelessness.Hisvariousfortunateintuitionsaretakenasevidenceofabenignspiritworld.influences•thenamesofthetwomainprotagonistshaveenteredthelanguage.RobinsonCrusoe:castaway“,orametaphorforbeingordoingsomethingalone.RobinsonCrusoeusuallyreferredtohisservantasmymanFriday,fromwhichthetermManFriday(orGirlFriday)originated,referringtoadedicatedpersonalassistant,servant,orcompanion.•Thesuccessofthebookgaverisetomanyimitators,andcastawaynovelsbecamequitepopularinEuropeinthe18thandearly19thcenturies