翻译术语

Lecture2BasicConceptsinTranslatology翻译学基本用语：源语/译出语sourcelanguage(SL),originallanguage译语/译入语targetlanguage(TL),receptorlanguage,receivinglanguage原作者SLauthor,originalauthor译者(笔译者)translator译者(口译者)interpreter读者/接受者reader,receptor,audience文本text原文/原著sourcetext(ST),SLtext,originaltext,originalversion/originalwork译文targettext,translation,targetversion,rendering,rendition译本/译著translatedtext/translationalwork源语读者source-languagereader/SLreader源语文化source-languageculture/sourceculture译语读者target-languagereader/TLreader/receivingaudience译语文化target-languageculture/targetculture/receivingculture语境context笔译writtentranslation口译oralinterpretation/oraltranslation/interpreting同声传译simultaneousinterpreting交替口译consecutiveinterpreting翻译原则translationprinciple标准translationcriterion(复数形式为criteria)翻译过程translationprocess翻译程序/步骤translationprocedures反应/读者反应response/reader’sresponse对应(部分对应/完全对应)(partial/full)correspondence等值/对等equivalence对等物(词语)equivalent形式对等formalequivalence功能对等functionalequivalence动态对等dynamicequivalence等效equivalenteffect充分性adequacy可接受性acceptability(acceptable,unacceptable,unacceptability)可读性readability(readable)可译性translatability(translatable)不可译性untranslatability(untranslatable)表层结构surfacestructure深层结构deepstructure理解understanding/comprehension表达expression再现reproduction/representation转换transformation传译/转移transferral/transfer误解misunderstanding误译mis-translation异化foreignization/alienation/exoticization/exogenization/source-orientedtranslation归化domestication/naturalization/adaptation/endogenization/target-accommodatingtranslation词汇空缺lexicalgap文化沟(空缺/非对应)culturalgap直译literaltranslation/directtranslation意译freetranslation/liberaltranslation/semantictranslation直译派aliteralist/asourcerer意译派afree-hander/atargeteer重复法repetition增译法/增词法/增译amplification/addition减译法/减词法/省略法/省译omission词类转移法/词性转换conversion反译法/正反译法/反正译法negation移植法transplant(ing)/transplantation音译法transliteration具体化specification概括化generalization抽象化abstracting明析化explicitation译借(语义转借)calque(loantranslation)加注法annotation夹注intratextualnote脚注footnote尾注/文后注endnote注释性翻译annotated/commentedtranslation释义法/解释法explanation/paraphrase引申法extension替代法substitution/replacement借用borrowing推演法deduction缀合法combination分译法division逆序法/倒置法reversing合译法combination综合法mixtureofmethods包孕embedding切断/分切cutting拆离splitting-off插入inserting重组recasting回译backtranslation还原法findingouttheoriginal原汁原味essenceoftheoriginal,originalflavor词序调整inversion选词diction补偿compensation视点转换shiftofperspective套译/仿译/仿拟imitation信/忠实faithfulness/fidelity达/易懂intelligibility/expressiveness通顺smoothness流畅fluency自然naturalness/idiomaticity雅/优美elegance/gracefulness简洁brevity明析clarity简明conciseness内涵connotation含义implication言外之意allocution本文意义(文本固有之意)inherentmeaning(ofthetext)译者隐形translator’sinvisibility透明(度)transparency宁信而不顺(鲁迅语)rahtertobefaithfulthansmooth(“I’dratherbefaithfulthansmooth”)神似(傅雷语)spiritualresemblance化境(钱钟书语)sublimation信、达、切(刘重德语)faithfulness,expressivenessandcloseness(totheoriginalstyle)三美:音美,形美,意美(许渊冲语)thethreebeauties:beautyinsound,beautyinformandbeautyinmeaning东方语言Orientallanguages西方语言Occidentallanguages佛经BuddhistScriptures/sutra梵语Sanskrit鸠摩罗什Kumarajiva泰特勒(AlexanderFraser)Tytler奈达(EugeneA.)Nida机器翻译machinetranslation(MT)人工智能artificialintelligence(AI)翻译translate,render,rephrase,reword,transmit,re-express,transmute,transmogrify,interpret,convert,transform,transpose,express,transfer,turn翻译学translatology/TranslationStudies翻译体/翻译腔translationese死译/硬译mechanicaltranslation逐字译word-for-wordtranslation/word-to-wordsubstitution/verbatimtranslation乱译/胡译excessivelyfreetranslation歪译(意义扭曲)distortion惯用法usage搭配collocation约定俗成convention形合hypotaxis意合parataxis对应：（Correspondence）1）fullcorrespondence：e.g.chalk2）partialcorrespondencee.g.山（hill/mountain），虾（shrimp/lobster）青（blue/green/black）morning（早晨/上午）3）non-correspondencee.g.粽子zongzi(atraditionalfoodwhicheatenonDragonBoatFestivalinChina)/apyramid-shapedricedumplingwrappedinreedleafMagistrate治安法官,地方行政官Salad色拉Examples:我的眼睛没有错,他是个小男孩。（巴金）Oh,my,it’sasmallboy.(dynamicequivalence,spiritualsimilarities神韵)-----ARickshawBoy繁衍生息:liveandmultiply(inversion)思想:idea,thought,ideology,doctrine,concept,conception(diction)Repetition:李清照：寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。林语堂：Sodim,sodark,Sodense,sodull,Sodamp,sodank,Sodead!许渊冲：seek,seek;search,search;Cold,cold;bare,bare;Greif,grief;cruel,cruel./Iseekbutseekinvain,Isearchandsearchagain;Ifeelsosad,sodrear;solonely,withoutcheer.throwhimselfatherfeet(PrideandPrejudice)把他自己抛/扔在她的脚下（硬/死译）/拜倒在她的石榴裙下（意译/归化）Heusedmydaughterextremelyill(PrideandPrejudice)他把我的女儿用得太厉害；了（硬/死译）/他玩弄我的女儿Lecture3TranslationPrinciples（I）●Typesoftranslation:Intralingualtranslation语内翻译Interlingualtranslation语际翻译Intersemiotictranslation符际翻译翻译的分类：1、翻译：机器翻译；人工翻译2、机器翻译：全自动MT（FAMT），人助机译（HAMT），机助人译（CAT）；基于规则的MT，基于统计的MT3、人工翻译：笔译，口译，影视翻译，手语翻译4、笔译：全译，变译。全译包括文学翻译、科技翻译、经贸翻译等。变译包括编译、摘译等。5、口译：同声传译，交替口译，耳语翻译，视译。同声传译一般是会议口译的一种形式，另一种会议口译是交替口译。交替口译包括陪同口译、政务口译、商务口译、电话口译、法庭口译等。6、影视翻译：字母翻译，配音翻译，旁白翻译