实用汉语课本语音及汉字总结

一、Phonetics1.InitialsandfinalsAsyllableinthecommonspeechofmodernChinesecinsisitsofaninitial,whichisaconsonantthatbegingsthesyllable,andafinal,whichconstitutestherestofthesyllable.Forexample,inthesyllable“Píng”,“p”istheinitialand“ing”isthefinal.Asyllablecanstandwithoutaninitial,suchas“yě”,butasyllablemusthaveafinal.InthecommonspeechofmodernChinese,thereare21initialsand38finalsaltogether.2.Keypointsofpronounciationm\n\l\h\f:arepronouncedsimilarlytotheircounterpartintheEnglishlanguage.b:like“p”in“speak”(unaspirated\voiceless)p:like“p”in“park”(aspirated\voiceless)d:like“t”in“stay”(unaspirated)t:like“t”in“tag”(aspirated)g:like“k”in“skate”(unapirated)k:like“k”in“kangroo”(aspirated)zh:like“j”in“jerk”,butwiththetopofthetonguecurledfartherback,unaspirated.ch:like“ch”in“church”,butwiththetopofthetonguecurledfartherback.sh:like“sh”in“ship”,butwiththetopofthetonguecurledfartherback.r:asin“right”inEglish,butwithtipsunrounded,andthetopofthetonguecurledfartherback.AlwayspronouncetheChinese\r\soundwithanicesmile.j:isanunaspiratedvoicelesspalatalaffricate.Topronuncethissound,firstraisethefrontofthetonguetothehardpalat,andpressthetipofthetongueagainstthebackofthelowerteeth,andthenloosenthetonguetolettheairspueezeoutthroughthechannels.Thesoundisunaspiratedandthethevocalcordsdonotvibrate.q:isanaspiratedvoicelesspalatalaffricate.Itisproninuncedinthesamemanneras“j”,butitisaspirated.x:isavoicelesspalatalfricative.Topronounceit,firstraisethefrontofthetonguetowards(butnottouching)thehardpalate,andthenlettheairsqueezeout.Thevocalcordsdonotvibrate.z:like“ds”in“beds”c:like“ts”in“cats”,withaspirations:pronouncedthesameas“s”in“see”inEglishNotes:Particularattentionshouldbepaidtothepronunciationoftheaspiratedandunaspiratedconsonants:b-p,d-t,g-kFinalse:like“er”in“her”Thepronounciationofthe“e”inacompoundfinalisdifferentfromthatofthesimplefinal“e”.ie:like“ye”in“yes”-ng:anassalisedsoundlikethe“ng”in“bang”withoutpronouncingthe“g”ei:like“ay”in“play”ou:like“o”in“so”an:like“an”in“can”ai:like“y”in“sky”-i[]:-i[]in“zhi”“chi”“shi”and“ri”ispronounceddiffrentlyfromthesimplefinal“i[i]”.Afterpronouncingtheinitials“zh”“ch”“sh”“r”,donotmoveyourtongue.Caremustbetakennottopronouncethesimplefinal“i[i]”,whichisneverfoundafter“zh”“ch”“sh”or“r”.er:Thefinal“er”donotformasyllablebyitself,butisattachedtoanotherfinaltoformaretroflexfinal.Aretroflxfinalisrepresentbytheletter“r”addedtothefinal.Inwriting“儿”isaddedtothecharacterinquestion,asin“nǎr哪儿”。-r:like“er”in“sister”(Americanpronounciation)TonesChineseisalanguageinwhichthetonesconveysdiffrencesinmeaning.Incommonspeechtherearefourbasictones,representedrespectivelybythefollowingtonemarks:“ˉ”forthefirsttone“ˊ”forthesecondtone“ˇ”forthethirdtone“ˋ”forthefourthtone1.Whenasyllablecontainsasinglevowel,thetonemarkisplaceddirectlyabovethevowelletterasin“lù”and“hěn”.2.Thedotoverthevowel“i”shouldbedroppedifthetonemarkisplacedaboveit,asin“nǐ”,“nín”and“píng”.3.Whenthefinalofthesyllableiscomposedoftwoorthreevowels,thetonemarkshouldbeplacedabovethevowelpronouncedwiththemouthwidestopen.(e.g.hǎo)Theopenessofthemouthforthevowelsfromthewidesttothesmallestisasfollows:a,o,e,i,u,ü.Spellingrules1.Atthebeginningofasyllsble,“i”iswrittenas“y”.(e.g.iě-yě)“i”iswrittenas“yī”whenitformsasyllableallbyitself.(e.g.ī-yī)2.Atthebeginningofasyllable,“u”iswrittenas“w”(e.g.uǒ-wǒ)“u”iswrittenas“wu”whenitformsasyllableallbyitself.3.When“ü”isatthebeginningofasyllableorformsasyllableallbyitself,a“y”isaddedtoitandthetwodotsoveritareomitted.(e.g.ǚ-yǔ)4.Thecompoundfinal“iou”iswrittenas“iu”whenitcomesafterainitialandthetonemarkisplacedabovethe“u”.(e.g.liù)5.whenthecoompoundfinal“uei”iscombinedwithainitial,itissimpifiedto“ui”andthetonemarkiswrittenover“i”.Forexample:guì.6.Whenthecompoundfinal“uen”iscombinedwithinitials,itissimpifiedto“un”,forexample:lùn.7.When“ü”iscombinedwith“j”“q”“x”,thedotsoveritareomitted.Forexample:xúe.8.“y”iscombinedtothecompoundfinalswhichstartswith“ü”,andthedotsoveritareomitted,forexample:yǔyán,xúeyùan.9.“j”“q”“x”arenevercombinedwith“u”and“a”.Thefinlasthatcancombinedwith“j”“q”“x”arelimitedto“i”and“ü”andthecompoundfinalsthatstartswith“i”and“ü”.Sandhi1.Third-tonesandhi①Athirdtone,whenimmidiatelyfollowedbyanotherthirdtone,shouldbepronouncedinthesecondtone,butwihthetonemark“ˇ”remainingunchanged.Forexample:Nihao.–Nihaohenhao–henhaoWohenhao.-Wohenhao.Yehenhao–Yehenhao.②Athirdtone,whenfollowedbyafirst,secondorfourthtone,ormostneutraltonesyllables,usuallybecomesahalfthirdtone,thatis,atonethatonlyfallsbutdoesnotraise.Thetonemarkisunchanged.Forexample:2.Tonesandhiof“不”“不（bù）”isafourthtonesyllablebyitself.Butitbecomesasecondtonewhenitfollowedbyafourthtone.Forexample:3.Tinesandhiof“一”Normally“一”isthefirsttonewhenitstandsbyitself,attheendofaword,phraseorsentence,orwhenitusedasanordinalnumber.However,“一”ispronouncedinthefourthtonewhenitprecedesafirsttone,secondtoneorthirdtonesyllable.Itisreadinthesecondtonewhenitprecedesafourthtone.TableofCombinationofInitialsandFinalsinCommonSpeechTherearemorethan400meaningfulsyllsblesincommonspeechofmodernChinese.If