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DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity跟骨骨折徐医附院袁泉2017-6-3DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity目录概述及解剖影像学机制及分型治疗DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity概述跟骨骨折为临床常见病,发病率高,占跗骨骨折的60%,全身骨折的2%。跟骨骨折后,形态发生复杂的变化,包括G角、B角、宽度、高度、后关节面(距下关节)的对合情况等等。跟骨骨折治疗困难,预后差。DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity一、应用解剖1.正常足底是三点负重,即由跟骨、第一跖骨头和第五跖骨头三点组成负重面。跟骨和距骨组成足弓的后臂,负担60%的重量。足底负重点DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity内侧纵弓足横弓外侧纵弓足底负重弓示意图2.足部的负重弓DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity3.跟骨结节是跟腱附着处,受比目鱼肌、腓肠肌收缩的牵拉,使足部出现跖屈动作。跟腱跟骨结节DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity解剖外侧跟骨结节跗骨窦距骨DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity内侧解剖载距突距骨DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity•背面•跖面解剖DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity•前面•后面解剖DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity跟骨载距突在内侧支撑距骨颈,跟距骨间韧带和三角韧带将载距突和距骨联系起来。踇长屈肌腱从载距突下方经过跟骨底面观跟骨内侧面观载距突跟舟韧带DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity上关节面有三个部分和距骨形成关节;后关节面是最大的关节部分,承受了主要的身体重量。中关节面位于前内侧的载距突上。前关节面和中关节面常融合在一起。跟骨沟位于中关节面和后关节面之间,和距骨沟构成跗骨窦DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity解剖形态学DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversityDepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity关节距下关节(距、跟后关节面组成)解剖DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity•关节跟骰关节解剖DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity解剖•跟骨的解剖学标志(G角、B角、宽度、高度、后关节面)•最重要的就是两个角度:Bohler’s角Gissane’s角Gissane’sAngle120~145°Bohler’sAngle20~40°DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversityBohler角:前突最高点、后关节面的最高点的连线与后关节面的切线至跟骨结节的上缘的连线的夹角。Bohler角正常值在20-40°之间,角度的减少表明承受重量的后关节面的塌陷,进而导致体重中心的前移。Gissane角:由跟骨外侧的两个皮质骨柱构成,其中一个沿着后关节面的外侧缘走形,另一个延伸到跟骨前突的顶点。Gissane角正常在95-105°之间,在X片上可以直接在距骨的外侧突下方观察到。Gissane角的增大意味着后关节面的塌陷。2020/4/1918DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversityBohler’s角:缩小、消失或反角反映后关节面的塌陷Gissan’s角:反映跟距关节内骨折的严重程度解剖DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity腓骨长短肌腱从跟骨外侧和外踝之间通过。跟腱附着于跟骨后结节解剖2020/4/1920DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity影像学检查X线摄片体位:侧位、轴位、Broden位片CT检查可详细了解关节面的损伤严重程度;关节内骨折块的大小移位方向三维重建可详细描述折端每一个组成部分的移位——指导制定术前计划WANGBINDepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity认识关节结节角(bohler角)意义构成足弓后臂,弹簧作用维持足够跖屈的力量骨折整复标准30~45º..DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversityBohler’sAngleGissane’sAngle•侧位影像学DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversityC跟骨的长度B跟骨高度A足的绝对高度•侧位影像学DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity侧位片关节塌陷骨折白色箭头显示压缩的关节面骨折块低于稳定的内侧骨折块,形成所谓的双密度征。红色虚线显示压缩的后侧跟骨结节。2020/4/1925DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity中性三角:由支撑关节面的压力骨小梁和跟骨下方的张力骨小梁构成的三角形结构中性三角内骨量较周围明显减少。骨折时易塌陷。2020/4/1926侧位片DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity前后位片从前后位片上可观察到骨折线延伸至跟骰关节面2020/4/1927DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversityHarris轴位片Harris轴位片足位于背伸位向头端呈45°角拍摄而成。可以从Harris轴位片上观测到跟骨关节面的平整情况,并能观察跟骨高度的丢失、宽度的增加及跟骨结节骨折的成角情况。2020/4/1928DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversityHarris轴位片初级骨折线内侧粉碎骨折关节内骨折跟骨结节内翻畸形2020/4/1929DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity•轴位(评价跟骨的内外翻及跟骨的宽度)影像学DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversityBroden's位X-Ray片指的是下肢伸直,踝微屈曲,足内旋与暗盒约成45°,以下胫腓联合为投照中心,球管向头侧倾斜10°、20°、30°、40°摄片,可显示后距下关节由后向前的不同部分,使劈裂的跟骨后关节面清楚显示。观察距下关节后关节面,必要时还可以作健侧对比照相,对术后检查复位与内固定情况也很有帮助。DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversityCT30°半冠状位CT。后关节面的粉碎性骨折,关节面台阶形成,骨折块旋转、分离。跟骨结节的楔形挤压作用使关节面分离。外侧壁爆裂2020/4/1932DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity影像学•CT1.冠状位a.观察距下关节损伤情况b.跟骨的宽度及短缩的程度c.跟骨外侧壁的完整度d.外侧壁有无和外踝发生撞击DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity影像学•CT2.水平面(和足底平行)a.观察跟骰关节,后关节面的前下部分及载距突的相关信息b.明确跟骨原发性或继发性损伤DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity•CT3.矢状位a、跟骨前、中关节面损伤情况b、跟骨倾角的减少c、关节面损伤的程度和类型影像学DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity损伤机制关节内(距骨和跟骨的后关节面组成)骨折多数由于直接暴力,主要为垂直纵向的压力,距骨外侧突向楔子一样向下挤压跟骨,使之骨折。关节外骨折常常为扭伤或撕脱伤。DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity损伤机制⒈传达暴力所致:从高处坠下,足跟着地,身体重力传至跟骨,造成骨折;传达暴力所致骨折示意图DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity暴力性质剪切应力压缩应力跟骨增宽(剪切力)跟骨高度丢失(垂直暴力)DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity向内下方挤压的距骨对跟骨形成剪切力产生两个骨折块:载距突(前内)和结节(后外)初级骨折线从后内到前外侧DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAffilliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity⒉亦有少数系因跟腱牵拉而致撕脱骨折。撕脱骨折示意图DepartmentofOrthopedicsTheAff
本文标题:跟骨骨折的诊断与治疗
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