词汇学Chapter 4 Word formation

Chapter4MajorWordFormationProcessesSessions4-5MajorSections•I.Home-workingchecking•II.SupplementtothepreviouschapterphonesthemeIII.Majorword-formationprocesses1.affixation(derivation)2.compounding3.conversionQuestions1.Inwhichofthefollowingexamplesshouldthe“a”betreatedasaboundmorpheme?aboy,apple,atypical,AWOL2.Whataretheinflectionalmorphemesinthefollowingsentencesorphrases?a)thesinger’ssongsb)It’sraining.c)theneweststyled)Thecowjumpedovertheroom.•3.Canthefollowingwordsbeanalyzedintosmallerunits(morphemes)?Doyounoticethatsomeformineachgroupsofwordssuggestsacertainmeaning?•flash,flame,flicker•glow,glisten,glitter(Lines7-8;p.49)Asound(ofacertainsegment)hasarecognizablesemanticassociationbecauseitappearsinanumberofwordsofsimilarmeaning.•Aphonestheme(联觉音)isasound,soundcluster,orsoundtypethatisdirectlyassociatedwithameaning(Shisler,B.K).•ThistermconcernstheSOUNDwithitsassociationwithmeaning.Phonestheme:/gl/•1.light,shineglow,glisten,gleam,glare,glimpse,glitter,glint,glister,•2.sliding,smooth,slipperyglossy,glaze,glide,glacial,glissandoglabella,glib•3.twilight,contemptgloaming,gloom,gleek,glance,•4.gladnessglad,glee,•5.oversupply,secretion,stickinessglue,glut,glutton,glob,globe,gland,gleet,•/fl/1.movement,flying,flee,fleet,flow,fly,flap,flash,flip,flick2.liquidmovementfluid,flow,flush,flood3.two-dimensionalityflap,flat,floorWord-FormationProcesses1.Affixation/derivation2.Compounding3.Conversion1.Affixation1)Definition2)Structures3)Classificationa.prefixationb.suffixation1)DefinitionHowisaffixationdefined?Whatshouldbepredefined?•Weshouldfirstnameaformtowhicharuleofword-formationisapplied.unbelievable“Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded”(张维友，2004：51).Derivationisawordformationprocessinwhichanewwordisformedfromabasebytheadditionofaffixesorcombiningforms.•2)Structures•prefix+boundroote.g.repeat,predict,descend,evolve•boundroot+suffixe.g.tolerate,liberate,diction,linguist•prefix+freeroote.g.prearrange,enlarge,rewrite,befriend•freeroot+suffixe.g.darkness,wonderful,badly,childish•prefix+boundroot+suffixe.g.inductive,incredible,receiver,diachronic,•prefix+freeroot+suffixe.g.inaction,unfriendly,removal,•3)classificationprefixationsuffixationPrefixes&SuffixesPrefixes•Preposed•Grammaticallyunimportant(mostlynotchangingwordclass/partofspeech)•ModifyinglexicalmeaningSuffixes•Postposed•Grammaticallysignificant•Oflesssignificanceinlexicalmeaning•Discussthepossibility•Isitpossiblewegetawordinthefollowingstructure?prefix+suffixboundroot+boundrootboundroot+freerootfreeroot+boundrootagricultureacoumeterphilanthropehebephiliabibliophilexenophobia2.Compounding•1)definition•2)criteriabywhichacompoundisidentified•3)Formationofcompounds(Thesyntacticrelationshipbetweencompoundedcomponents)•1)DefinitionCompoundingistheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorebases.Acompoundis“alexicalunitconsistingofmorethanonebaseandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword.”(Quirk,etal:1985)2)Identifyingacompound(pp67-69)a.phonologicalcriterionb.Semanticcriterionc.Grammaticalcriteriond.OrthographicalcriterionHowwouldyoucommentonthecriteria?•3)Formationofcompounds•Compoundscanbedividedintothreecategoriesaccordingtothepartofspeech(wordclass).NouncompoundsAdjectivecompoundsVerbcompounds•A.NouncompoundsWearegoingtodiscusssyntacticrelationshipoftheconstituentsofthecompound.•Subject+verb(主谓关系）daybreak（n+v)godsend(n+v)glowworm(v+n)crybaby(v+n)dancinggirl(v+n)sunrise,heartbeat,rattlesnake,•Verb+object动宾关系•handshake(n+v)•housekeeping(n+v)•haircut(n+v)•scarecrow(v+n)•passport(v+n)pickpocket,cease-fire,goldmining•Subject+object（主宾关系）powerplantsugarcanebloodstainsteamenginegasstove•Verb+adverbial(动状关系）(p70-71)(adverbialofplace,time,orinstrument)hidingplacefilmgoercity-dwellerday-dreamernightflighthandwritinggrindstoneRestrictive(限定关系）•a.resemblancei)AislikeBe.g.soapstone,dragonfly,chocolatebarii)BhassomefeaturesofAzebracrossingb.adj.+nlongboatloudspeakerc.Possessiveorassociativei)BispartofAdeath’shead,dragon’sblood,mind’seyeii)BbelongstoAcrow’snest,no-man’sland,crocodiletears,beginner’sluck,tailor’schalkiii)“BistypicallyassociatedwithA”sportsman,clansman,swordsman,tradesman,eyeball,folksong,will-power,safety-beltAppositive(同位关系）deathpenalty,refreshercourse,fighterplane,girlfriend,killerwhale(AisaparticularinstanceofB)•B.Adjectivenouns•Syntacticanalysisoftheconstituentsofanadjectivecompound.•Verb+object（动宾关系）breath-takingheartbroke•Verb+adverbial(动状关系）home-madewell-educatedlonglasting•Linkverb+predicative（系表关系）sweet-smellinggood-lookingNounadverbial+adjective(名词修饰形容词)homesick,tax-free,snow-white•Coordinatingrelation(并列关系）Sino-Americandeaf-muteSubject-verb（主谓关系）hen-pecked,poverty-strickenSubject-Predicative（主表关系）heartsick,threadbare,•C.VerbcompoundsVerbcompoundsareactuallynotthedirectoutcomeofcompounding.Theyarecreatedeitherthroughconversionorthroughbackformation.(p73)•ThroughConversionnickname(n.)---tonicknamehoneymoon(n.)---tohoneymoonmoonlight(n.)--tomoonlightThroughbackformationlip-reading--tolipreadbottlefeeding-tobottlefeedsoft-landin