高考英语语法复习――独立主格及with的复合结构

来安县半塔中学梅崇兵高考英语语法复习独立主格及with的复合结构【考点概述】非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语应和主句的主语保持一致。但是有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句中作状语,用来表示行为方式、伴随情况或者时间、原因和条件等。这种结构我们称之为独立主格结构。独立主格结构的特点是：（1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。（2）名词或者代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、介词短语等是逻辑上的主谓关系。（3）独立主格结构后一般有逗号。with的复合结构是独立主格的一种特殊形式,是高考必考的考点。1.(07,重庆卷)Thechildrenwenthomefromthegrammarschool,theirlessons____fortheday.A.finishingB.finishedC.hadfinishedD.wentfinished2.(07,山东卷)Thecountryhasalreadysentupthreeunmannedspacecrafts,themostrecent_______attheendoflastMarch.A.hasbeenlaunchedB.havingbeenlaunchedC.beinglaunchedD.tobelaunched3.(05,湖南卷)Isendyou100dollarstoday,therest_______inayear.A.followsB.followedC.tofollowD.beingfollowed•4.(05,北京卷)Icouldn’tdomyhomeworkwithallthatnoise________.•A.goingonB.goesonC.wenttoD.togoon•5.(09全国卷Ⅰ,35)Nowthatwe’vediscussedourproblem,arepeoplehappywiththedecisions__________?•A.takingB.takeC.takenD.totake•6.(06陕西卷)Withnooneto________insuchafrighteningsituation,shefeltveryhelpless.•A.turntoB.turnonC.turnoffD.turnover•Key:1.B2.B3.C4.A5.C6.A【考点扫描】•考点一：独立主格结构的形式•独立主格结构常见的构成形式有：•1.名词或代词+现在分词•如：Time(Weather)permitting,weshallhaveapicnicthisweekend.•Aluminiumbeingverysoft,wecanpressiteasilyintoanyshapedesired.•Thedecisionhavingbeenmade,thenextproblemwashowtomakeagoodplan.•2.名词或代词+过去分词•如：Theexperimentdone,thestudentswentontotakenotesintheexperimentreport.•Thejobfinished,wewenthomestraightaway.•Thesumadded,we’llhaveenoughmoneyforthetrip.•注意：用现在分词还是过去分词，要看前面的名词或代词与后面动词的关系。如果是主谓关系，即名词或代词作动词的逻辑主语，就用现在分词；若是动宾关系，即名词或代词是动词的逻辑宾语，则用过去分词。•3.名词或代词+形容词•如：Heenteredtheroom,hisnoseredwithcold.•Hesatinthefrontrow,hismouthhalfopen.•ThelargestcollectioneverfoundinEnglandwasoneofabout200,000silverpennies,allofthemover600yearsold.•4.名词或代词+副词•如：Dinnerover,wedecidedtoplaybridge.•Themealover,prayswerereadbyMissMiller.•Themeeting（being）over,ourheadmastersoonlefttheMeeting-room.•5.名词或代词+介词短语•如：Theteachercameintotheclassroom,bookinhand.•InhalfanhourDeliacame,righthandinbandage.•注意：此处名词前不用冠词。•6.名词或代词+不定式•如：Weshallassembleattenforty-five,theprocessiontostartmovingatpreciselyeleven.•Isendyoutodaythreefourthsofthesumagreeduponbetweenus,theresttofollowwithinamonth.•Alargenumberofofficialsfollowedtheemperor,sometoholdhisrobe,otherstoadjusthisgirdle,andsoon.•Thetwopartiesshouldfirstreachanagreementonthebasicprinciple,thedetailstobeworkedoutlater.•考点二：独立主格结构与分词作状语的区别•分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致,即与句中的主语含有逻辑上的主谓或者动宾关系。而独立主格结构中的分词（现在分词或过去分词）都有其自身的逻辑主语或宾语。例如：•1）Wheneverhewasaskedwhyhewaslateforclass,hewouldanswercarelessly,alwayssayingthesamething.(saying的逻辑主语为句中主语he)•2）Nomatterhowfrequentlyperformed,theworksofBeethovenstillattractpeopleallovertheworld.(performed的逻辑主语是句中的主语theworks)•3）Thereporthavingbeenread,alivelydiscussionbegan.(havingbeenread的逻辑主语为report，与discussion没有关系,作时间状语,相当于afterthereporthadbeenread...)•4）Thejobdone,wewenthome.(done的逻辑主语为job，•和主句主语没有关系。作时间状语,相当于whenthejobwasdone...)•又如真题1答案为B。独立主格作时间状语。•考点三：独立主格结构与状语从句的区别•独立主格结构是一个语言结构，不是一个句子，而状语从句则是一个句子，并且由连词连接。例如：•Afterthequestionwassettled,themeetingended.•Thequestionsettled,themeetingended.•两个句子意思一样，前者为状语从句表示时间，后者则是独立主格结构表示时间，均在句中作状语。•又如：真题2答案为B。真题3答案为C。均是独立主格作伴随状语。•考点四：With的复合结构形式•With的复合结构在句中作状语或定语，构成形式只是在独立主格结构前加上介词with。其构成形式有如下几种:•（1）with+名词/代词+现在分词•Withtimegoingon,ourlifeisbecomingmorecomfortable.又如真题4答案为A。•（2）with+名词/代词+过去分词•Witheverythingdone,Ilefttheofficeandwenthome.又如真题5答案为C。•（3）with+名词/代词+不定式（短语）•Withtheteachertohelp,we’llhavenodifficultyinlearningEnglish.又如真题6强调“没有人可以求助”（求助无门），故用不定式。答案为A。•（4）with+名词/代词+副词•Theylivedinabighousewithverytalltreesallaround.•（5）with+名词/代词+形容词•Withthehouseempty,Ifeltlonely.•(6)with+名词/代词+介词短语•Thesouthernpartoftheislandisaseparatecountry,calledtheRepublicofIrelandwithDublinasitscapital.•注意以下两个句子的不同:•Theteachercameintotheclassroom,bookinhand.(独立主格结构,名词前均不用冠词)•Theteachercameintotheclassroomwithabookinherhand.(with的复合结构,名词book前有冠词,hand前有物主代词)【考点训练】•一、单项填空•1.(09成都第二次诊断性检测，3)______timegoingon,whathesaidprovedtrue.•A.AsB.ForC.WithD.Through•2.(09桂林调研卷,32)Withalotoftoughproblems______,themanagerwasasnervousasacatonhotbricks.•A.settleB.tosettleC.beingsettledD.settled•3.Don’tsitthere______.Comeandhelpmewiththistable.•A.todonothingB.withnothingtodo•C.doingnothingD.withnothingdoing•4.Hehadjustlefttheroom______.•A.whenrainedB.whenraining•C.whenitisrainedD.whenitrained•5.Thetwopartiesshouldfastreachanagreementonthebasicprinciple,thedetails______outlater.•A.beingworkedB.tobeworked•C.toworkD.willbeworked•6.Attimesthebalanceinnatureisdisturbed,______anumberofpossiblyunforeseeneffects.•A.resultsB.resultsin•C.resultingD.resultingin•7.Hewenttosleep______thelighton.•A.whenB.whileC.withD.let•8.Themanlayonthegrassland______hishands_____hishead.•A.and;underB.with;under•C.and;onD.with;in•9.Somanydirectors_____,theboardmeetinghadtobeputoff.•A.beingabsentB.havingbeenabsent•C.tobeabsentD.tohavebeenabsent•10.Johnreceivedaninvitationtodinner,andwithhiswork_____hegladlyacceptedit.•A.finishedB.finishing•C.havingfinishedD.wasfinished•11.Thegovernor_____thematter,morestrikersgatheredacrosshispath.•A.thinkingaboutB.thoughtabout•C.wasthinkingaboutD.wa