国外大一新生的科技写作指导教材

ThispageintentionallyleftblankWritingfromSourcesForBedford/St.Martin’sDevelopmentalEditor:JoelleHannProductionSupervisor:AndrewEnsorSeniorMarketingManager:MollyParkeProjectManagement:BooksByDesign,Inc.CoverDesign:BillyBoardmanCoverArt:LaminatedPaper©DavidArky/Corbis.Composition:BooksByDesign,Inc.PrintingandBinding:RRDonnelley&SonsCompanyPresident:JoanE.FeinbergEditorialDirector:DeniseB.WydraEditorinChief:KarenS.HenryDirectorofDevelopment:EricaT.AppelDirectorofMarketing:KarenR.SoeltzDirectorofProduction:SusanW.BrownAssistantDirectorofEditorialProduction:EliseS.KaiserManager,PublishingServices:EmilyBerlethLibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010921022Copyright©2011,2007,2003,1999byBedford/St.Martin’sAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsys-tem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopy-ing,recording,orotherwise,exceptasmaybeexpresslypermittedbytheapplicablecopyrightstatutesorinwritingbythePublisher.ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.543210fedcbaForinformation,write:Bedford/St.Martin’s,75ArlingtonStreet,Boston,MA02116(617-399-4000)ISBN-10:0-312-60290-1ISBN-13:978-0-312-60290-1AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsandcopyrightsarecontinuedatthebackofthebookonpages521–524,whichconstituteanextensionofthecopyrightpage.WritingfromSourcesEIGHTHEDITIONBrendaSpattTheCityUniversityofNewYorkBEDFORD/ST.MARTIN’SBoston◆NewYorkThispageintentionallyleftblankvIliketothinkofWritingfromSourcesasthecollegetextbookthatexplainseverythingthatfirst-yearstudentsneedtoknowaboutwritingaresearchessay.Accordingtooneinstructor,“Thereisnothingthatisnotinthetext”ofWritingfromSources.Itscomprehensive,step-by-stepapproach,buildinggraduallyincomplexity,reinforcedwithawealthofexamplesandopportunitiesforprac-tice,providesthesolidfoundationinreadingandwritingskillsthatmanyofyourstudentsmaylackoronlypartiallymayhaveacquired.Whatwouldyoulikeyourstudentstoachieveinyourcourse?Youwantthemtoreadcritically,alertly,andanalyticallysothattheycanevaluatere-searchmaterials;toconveytheirunderstandingofwhattheyreadthroughtheskillsofsummary,quotation,andparaphrase;tounderstandappropriateandinappropriatewaysofdevelopingathesisandanargument;tosynthesizeandwritefromsources—printandelectronic—responsibly,usingsufficientandcorrectdocumentation;tounderstandwhatplagiarismmeans;andtoresistthetemptationto“borrow,”paste,orotherwiseengageinacademictheft.WritingfromSourcestakesanincrementalapproachtotheseskills—start-ingwithreadingandendingwithwritingtheresearchessay—thatrequiressomecommitmentoftimeandeffortonthepartofstudentsandinstructors.Butifyoufollowthesequenceofreadings,exercises,andassignments,choos-ingthosethatbestsuityourclass’sneeds,youwillgiveyourstudentstheirbestopportunitytobecomeproficientwritersofresearchessaysatthebeginningoftheirjourneythroughanacademiceducation.Inpreparingtheeighthedition,Ihavebeenwellawarethatthetypicalfirst-yearstudenthasgreatlychangedininterests,inreadinghabitsandpref-erences,inrelianceontechnology,andindegreeofcomfortwithlongandcom-plexprintedmaterials.Howeversoundandcomprehensiveitsapproach,ifatextbooklikeWritingfromSourcesisgoingtofulfillitspurpose,itmustworkforstudentsatavarietyoflevels.Somemayhavebasicdeficienciesinreadingandanalysisandmayneedslowandcarefulinstructionusingless-demandingtexts;otherswithmoreadvancedskillsmaybemoreadeptatthemultitaskingtypicalofWebactivitythanatreadingandinterpretingbooksandjournalarticles.ForagenerationofstudentsthathavegrownupwiththeInternetanditsquicklychangingfocus,Ihavetriedtochoosereadingsthatwillbeinter-estingwithoutbeingoverlycomplex,thatarelongenoughtodemonstratetheTotheInstructorpresentationanddevelopmentofathesisbutarenotsolongastodiscouragethenovicereader.Asyoucantellfromthetableofcontents,manyexercisesandassignmentsintheeightheditionofferonlyonereadingontheprinciplethatasinglewell-targetedchoiceisbetterthanaplethoraofoptions.Thatisnottosaythatread-ingsarefewandfarbetween:WritingfromSourcesprovidesmorethansixty—manyofthemnewtothebook—tobeusedasmodels,aspracticematerialforthethirty-nineexercises,andassourcesforthenineessayassignments.Inkeyslots,twoorthreealternativesenableinstructorstomixandmatchtheirchoicestosuitclassesofvaryingdegreesofpreparedness.Forthisedition,insteadofincludingaseparatecasebookinanappendix,I’veprovidedtwoclustersofreadings,interspersedthroughout,focusingontopicsthatyourstudentsarelikelytobefamiliarwithandinterestedin:■Thecollegeexperience.Ninereadingsexploreavarietyofissuesthatcanserveasanorientationforstudentsnewtocollege:Whatisthepurposeofhighereducation?Whoshouldattendcollege?What’safairwaytoawardgrades?Howdoesplagiarismaffectstudentsandinstructors?■TheWebexperience.Sevenreadingsdiscussthewaysinwhichourre-lianceontheInternetforworkandentertainmenthasaffectedourpop-ularculture,ourthoughtprocesses,andourrelationships.Inaddition,authorslikeUrsulaK.LeGuin,StevenPinker,andRogerScru-tonoffercompellinganswerstoavarietyofotherquestions,suchaswhetheraltruismisaninbornquality,whyAmericabecameahygienicnation,whetherU.S.immigratio