工程管理专业英语

TheProjectLifeCycle1.1Arealestatedevelopermayberegardedasthesponsor(赞助商)ofbuildingprojects(建设项目),asmuchasagovernmentagency(政府机构)maybethesponsorofapublicproject(公共项目)andturnsitovertoanothergovernmentunituponitscompletion.Asauniqueinnovativeproductorservice,aprojecthasadefinitebeginningandadefiniteend,theprocessofwhichisknownastheprojectlifecycle.“Projectmanagersortheorganizationcandivideprojectsinphasestoprovidebettermanagementcontrolwithappropriatelinkstotheongoingoperationsoftheperformingorganization.Collectively,thesephasesareknownastheprojectlifecycle.Manyorganizationsidentifyaspecificsetoflifecyclesforuseonalloftheirprojects”.Fromtheviewpointofprojectmanagement,theterms“owner”and“sponsor”aresynonymous(同义的)becausebothhavetheultimate(最终的)authoritytomakeallimportantdecisions.Ofcourse,thestagesofdevelopmentinFigure1-1maynotbestrictlysequential.Someofthestagesrequireiteration(反复),andothersmaybecarriedoutinparallel(平行)orwithoverlapping(重复)timeframes(时间框架),dependingonthenature,sizeandurgencyoftheproject.Theprojectlifecyclemaybeviewedasaprocessthroughwhichaprojectisimplementedfromcradletograve.Thisprocessisoftenverycomplex;however,itcanbedecomposedintoseveralstages.Ownersmustrecognizethatthereisnosinglebestapproachinorganizingprojectmanagementthroughoutaproject’slifecycle.1.2ResidentialHousingConstruction(住宅类房屋建设):Theresidentialhousingmarketisheavilyaffectedbygeneraleconomicconditions,taxlaws,andthemonetaryandfiscalpoliciesofthegovernment.Often,aslightincreaseintotaldemandwillcauseasubstantialinvestmentinconstruction,sincemanyhousingprojectscanbestartedatdifferentlocationsbydifferentindividualsanddevelopersatthesametime.InstitutionalandCommercialBuildingConstruction(办公和商业用房建设)encompassesagreatvarietyofprojecttypesandsizes,suchasschoolsanduniversities,medicalclinicsandhospitals,recreationalfacilitiesandsportsstadiums,retailchainstoresandlargeshoppingcenters,warehousesandlightmanufacturingplants,andskyscrapersforofficesandhotels.Becauseofthehighercostsandgreatersophisticationofinstitutionalandcommercialbuildingsincomparisonwithresidentialhousing,thismarketsegmentissharedbyfewercompetitors.Sincetheconstructionofsomeofthesebuildingsisalongprocesswhichoncestartedwilltakesometimetoproceeduntilcompletion,thedemandislesssensitivetogeneraleconomicconditionsthanthatforspeculativehousing.Consequently,theownersmayconfrontanoligopolyofgeneralcontractorswhocompeteinthesamemarket.Inanoligopolysituation,onlyalimitednumberofcompetitorsexist,andafirm’spriceforservicesmaybebasedinpartonitscompetitivestrategiesinthelocalmarket.SpecializedIndustrialConstruction(专业化工业项目建设)usuallyinvolvesverylargescaleprojectswithahighdegreeoftechnologicalcomplexity,suchasoilrefineries,steelmills,chemicalprocessingplantsandcoal-firedornuclearpowerplants.Althoughtheinitiationofsuchprojectsisalsoaffectedbythestateoftheeconomy,longrangedemandforecastingisthemostimportantfactorsincesuchprojectsarecapitalintensiveandrequireconsiderableamountofplanningandconstructiontime.InfrastructureandHeavyConstruction(重大基础项目建设)includesprojectssuchashighways,masstransitsystems,tunnels,bridges,pipelines,drainagesystemsandsewagetreatmentplants.Mostoftheseprojectsarepubliclyownedandthereforefinancedeitherthroughbondsortaxes.Thiscategoryofconstructionischaracterizedbyahighdegreeofmechanization,whichhasgraduallyreplacedsomelaborintensiveoperations.1.3FinancialPlanningConsultants财务规划咨询ArchitecturalandEngineeringFirms建筑和工程设计公司Design/ConstructFirms设计/施工公司ProfessionalConstructionManagers职业化建设项目管理OperationandMaintenanceManagers运营维护管理FacilitiesManagement设施管理WordsandExpressionsperceived感知到的，感观的conceptual概念上的feasibility可行性；可能性procurement采购，获得，取得occupancy居住，占有，占用maintenance维护，保持disposal处理，支配，清理，安排facility设施definition定义objective目的，目标scope范围，余地，视野，眼界，导弹射程preliminary准备，预赛，初步措施specification规格，说明书completion完成，结束，实现acceptance接纳，赞同，容忍fulfillment履行，实行Translation1.Fromtheviewpointofprojectmanagement,theterms“owners”and“sponsor”aresynonymousbecausebothhavetheultimateauthoritytomakeallimportantdecisions.从项目管理的角度看，“业主”和“发起方”是同义的，因为两者的基本权力是制定所有重大决策。2.Afterthescopeoftheprojectisclearlydefined,detailedengineeringdesignwillprovidetheblueprintforconstruction,andthedefinitivecostestimatewillserveasthebaselineforcostcontrol.项目范围界定后，详细的工程设计将提供建设蓝图，最终费用估计将作为控制成本的基准。3.Furthermore,anownermayhavein-housecapacitiestohandletheworkineverystageoftheentireprocess,oritmayseekprofessionaladviceandservicesfortheworkinallstages.此外，业主可用内部能力处理整个过程中每一个阶段的工作，或者它可能会在各个阶段寻求专业意见及服务。4.Theownermaychoosetodecomposetheentireprocessintomoreorlessstagesbasedonthesizeandnatureoftheproject,andthusobtainthemostefficientresultinimplementation.业主可以根据项目的规模和性质选择把整个过程或多或少的分解到各个阶段上，从而获得在实践中最高效的结果。5.Allorganizationalapproacheshaveadvantagesanddisadvantages,dependingontheknowledgeoftheownerinconstructionmanagementaswellasthetype,size,andlocationoftheproject.所有的组织方法各有利弊，这取决于在施工管理中的业主的知识以及项目的类型、规模和位置。6.Inplanningforvarioustypesofconstruction,themethodsofprocuringprofessionalservices,awardingconstructioncontracts,andfinancingtheconstructedfac