定语从句--vs--同位语从句

定语从句vs同位语从句attributiveclausevsappositiveclause语法功能和概念先行词引导词语法功能和概念上的区别定语从句——形容词性从句：对先行词的性质、特征进行描述与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系（即修饰限定）同位语从句——名词性从句：对前面名词进一步的补充性解释说明它与前面的名词是同位关系，即前面名词是从句的概括总结，从句是前面名词的具体内容名词与该同位语从句有逻辑上的系表关系，可用“主+系+表”来构成它们之间的逻辑关系，而定语从句与它所修饰的先行词无法用be来构成语法上的逻辑关系。（即解释说明）语法功能和概念上的区别实例：＊Thereisafaintchancethatyouwillfindhimathome.若用“主+系+表”结构来表示，则是“afaintchanceisthatyouwillfindhimathome”,这在逻辑上成立。实例：＊Itwasthechanceshehadbeenwaitingfor.而“thechanceisshehadbeenwaitingfor”这在逻辑上不成立。先行词上的区别定语从句的先行词可以是名词，代词，主句的一部分或是整个主句。同位语从句的先行词是抽象名词，如：idea，news，answer，fact，hope，thought，belief，order，truth，possibility等。同位语从句的先行词往往没有复数形式实例：ThemessagesthathewouldteachusEnglishcheeredusupyesterday.（×）注意：stage,situation,point,case,position,condition等词一般用where引导定语从句，表达“阶段、情况”先行词上的区别实例：①Theboywhoisplayingfootballismyclassmate．②Thosewhoworkhardwillsucceed．③Thefactthathehadnotsaidanythingsurprisedeverybody．④Thefactthatyouaretalkingaboutisimportant．在①句中，其先行词是普通名词boy，是定语从句，它不能用作同位语从句的先行词。在②句中，其先行词是代词those，是定语从句，代词不能用作同位语从句的先行词。在③句是同位语从句，其先行词是名词fact，它同样可以用作定语从句的先行词，④句便是一例。由以上分析可见，同位语从句的先行词一定可以用作定语从句的先行词，但定语从句的先行词不一定能用作同位语从句的先行词。引导词的区别定语从句和同位语从句共同的引导词有四个：that，when，where，why。引导词如how,whether,what可以引导同位语从句但不能引导定语从句。*Weareinvestigatingthequestionwhetherheistrustworthy.引导词的区别1．引导词that引导定语从句的that叫做关系代词，它除了起连接作用，还在定语从句中充当成分（作宾语可省略），并且在意义上代表先行词；引导同位语从句的that叫做从属连词，它只起连接作用且不可省略。实例：①Thenewsthatyoutoldmeyesterdaywasreallyexciting．②Noonecandenytheessentialfactthatthetrafficproblemoverthelastyearshascausedwidepubicconcernallovertheworld.①句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语，在意义上指代先行词news。②句是同位语从句，that没有任何意义，只起连接作用。引导词的区别2．引导词when，where，why引导定语从句时，它们叫做关系副词，在从句中充当状语，可以转换成介词＋关系代词的形式；引导同位语从句时，它们叫做连接副词，在从句中充当状语，但不能转换成介词＋关系代词的形式Peoplewillalwayskeepinmindthetimewhen(=atwhich)HongKongandMacaoreturnedtoourmotherland.Peopletrappedintheroomhadnoideawheretheywerewhentheyregainedawareness.Thejourneyaroundtheworldtooktheoldsailorninemonths,duringwhich(=when)thesailingtimewas226days.Forevergonearethedayswhen(=onwhich)theChinesepeopleused“foreignoil”.HarmoniousinterpersonalrelationshipistheprimaryreasonwhyIenjoyworkinghere.小结功能和概念先行词引导词定语从句修饰限定名词、代词、主句的一部分或是整个主句that,which,who,whom,whose,when,where,why同位语从句解释说明抽象名词（可数名词为单数）that,who,what,when,where,why,how,whether,whatTranslatesentencesbelow：1.ThiswastheperiodwhenNewtonbegantheresearchwhichresultedinthecreationofhisfamousTheoryofGravity.2.Hemadeapromisethatwhoevercouldsethimfree,hewouldshowhimallthetreasuresintheworld.3.AbrightideasuddenlystruckmethatIcouldusethemoneyIsavedtohelpapoorstudentinthecountryside.4.Althoughheisagreenhand,hehasenterpriseandcreativitywhicharedecisiveinwinningsuccessinthefield.5.Thewholetruthcameoutatlastthathewasawolfinsheep´sclothing.6.Thepossibilitythatthemajorityofthelabourforcewillworkathomeisoftendiscussed.Practicemakesperfect:1.Thereisnoobviousevidence_____thereislifeonanyotherplanetinthesolarsystem.A.whichB.thatC.howD.where2.Icanthinkofmanycases______studentsobviouslyknowalotofEnglishwordsandexpressionsbutcouldn’twriteagoodessay.A.whereB.whichC.thatD.atwhichPracticemakesperfect:3.Thereisanewprobleminvolvedinthepopularityofprivatecars____________roadconditionsneed____________.A.that;tobeimprovedB.which;tobeimprovedC.where;improvingD.when;improvingPracticemakesperfect:4.Astorygoes______ElizabethIofEnglandlikednothingmorethatbeingsurroundedbycleverandqualifiednoblemenatcourt.A.whenB.whereC.whatD.that5.Ofthetwobrothers,Billis_____youngerone,andheisaquiteboy,______thatmostadultslikeverymuch.A.a;oneB.a;theoneC.the;oneD.the;theoneThanksforlisteningLivingwithoutanaimislikesailingwithoutacompass.--JohnRuskin生活没有目标，犹如航海没有罗盘。--罗斯金Whatisyouraim?还可以说：Itstruck/hit/occurto/cometosbthat...都表达某人突然想到...*类似的用法还有：Thereisnodoubt/denying/possibility/chancethat...无疑/不可否认/不可能注意:固定搭配Itisnowonderthat...难怪Thereisnodenyingthatthephenomenonhasharmedalltheanimalsthattheearthisbecomingincreasinglywarm.*以下隐含有“地点”之意的词如：point,situation,stage,position,case,condition常用where(=介词+which)引导定语从句Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthepoint________hecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely.A.whenB.whereC.whichD.whose*Thatisthepointthattheteacherwantstostress.*固定搭配The/Astorygoesthat...意为据说...=Itissaidthat...类似表达如：Thenewsgotaboutthathehadwonacarinthelottery.Therumourspreadthatanewschoolwouldbebuilthere.ReporthasitthattheSmithsareleavingthetown.Word/Newscamethatmostpeoplehadsurvivedtheaccident.*Isthisfactory_______yourfatherworkedinlastyear?Isthisthefactory________yourfatherworkedlastyear?Isthismuseum______wevisitedtwoyearsago?Thenumber911isaspecialnumber,_____,Ithink,thatwillberememberedbytheAmericansforever.注：one替代“a＋单数可数名词”，表泛指；若需特指，则用theone*