process-analysis

L/O/G/OUnit4:DevelopmentbyProcessAnalysisContents1.Whatisprocessanalysis?2.Twotypesofprocessanalysis3.Keysinwritingprocessanalysis4.In-classwritingexercises•Introduction:•Processanalysisisoneofthecommonandusefulwaysinwriting.Inlifeweoftenfindourselvesinterestedinorinneedofwritteninformationabouthowtodealwithsomenewevents.Occasionallywealsoneedtoinform,teachordescribetoothershowcertainthingsaredone.Therefore,howtouseprocessdescriptioneffectivelyinwritingisquiteanimportantskill.•Whenyouneedtoexplainhowtodosomethingorhowsomethingis(was)done/works,youwillwriteapaperofprocessanalysis.Youwillbreakdownyourtopicintostages,explainingeachsothatyourreadercanduplicateorunderstandtheprocess.Process:aseriesofeventsorchangesthathappennaturally;aseriesofstepstoachieveaparticularresult.Processanalysisiswritingonhowtodothingsorhowsomethingworks.1.Whatisprocessanalysis?Sincebothprocessanalysisandnarrationinvolveaseriesofevents,whatisthedifferencebetweenthem?Thedifferencebetweenprocessanalysisandnarration:Processanalysisexaminesoranalyzesthevariousstagesleadingtothefinalresultorfinalproduct.Narrationtellsmainlywhathappens.Provesinstructionsonhowtodosomething.Youexpectthereadertoperformthesameactioninthewayofyourwriting.DirectionaltypeInformativetypeTellshowsomethingworks,orhowsomethingisdoneormade.Youdonotexpectthereaderdothesameaction.•Therearetwotypesofprocessanalysis:directionalandinformative2.TwotypesofprocessanalysisExamplesofdirectionaltypeIngivinginstructions,imperativesentencesandsentenceswiththeindefinitepronounsyouasthesubjectareoftenused.Thepresenttenseshouldbeusedbecausetheinstructionsarestillapplicable.-Mouth-to-mouthBreathing•Onceyouencounterapersonwhohasstoppedbreathing,youshouldbeginimmediatelytodomouth-to-mouthbreathing.First,placethevictimonhisbackandremoveanyforeignmatterfromhismouthwithyourfingers.Thentilthisheadbackwards,sothathischinispointingup.Next,pullhismouthopenandhisjawforward,pinchhisnostrilsshuttopreventtheairwhichyoublowintohismouthfromescapingthroughhisnose.Thenplaceyourmouthtightlyoverthevictim’s.Blowintohismouthuntilyouseehischestrise.Thenturnyourheadtothesideandlistenfortheonrushofairwhichindicatesanairexchange.Repeattheprocess...•Itisnecessaryforapersontoknowhowtopostaparcel,sincealmosteveryonehasrelativesandfriendslivingfarawayandhemayliketosendthemsomething.Differentobjectsarepackedindifferentways.Thingslikebottlesofmedicinesandwatchesshouldbeputintowoodenboxestoavoidbreakage.Afteryouhavepackedtheobjects,putdownyouraddressandthatoftheaddresseeonthewrapping.Givetheparceltothepostalclerkforhimtocheck.Hewillthengiveyouaformtofillin.havingfilledintheform,yougiveittogetherwiththeparceltotheclerk.Hewillweightheparcelandtellyouhowmuchyoushouldpay.Youpaythemoneyandgetareceipt.Besuretokeepyourreceiptuntilyouaresurethattheaddresseehasreceivedtheparcel.Ifanythingwrongshouldhappentoyourparcel,youcanshowthereceipttotheclerkandasktobereimbursed.ExamplesofinformativetypeThecloningofDollyinvolvedseveralsteps.First,cellsthathadpreviouslybeentakenfromDolly’smotherwerestarvedforfivedays,whichcausedthemtostopdividing.Thisinterruptionofthecell’sdivisioncyclemadeiteasierforthemtoreprogramthemselvestostartgrowinganeworganism.Afterfivedays,thenucleiofthesecellswereremovedandtransferredintoanunfertilizedsheepegg,fromwhichthenaturalnucleushadpreviouslybeenremoved.Inthenextstep,theeggwasgrowninthelaboratoryforaperiodoftime.Thentheeggwasimplantedintoadifferentsheep,whereitgrewnormally.Whenthesheepfinallygavebirth,thelambwasanexactgeneticcopy,orclone,ofthesheepthathadprovidedthetransferrednucleus,notofthesheepthathadprovidedtheegg.3.Keysinwritingprocessanalysis•Evaluatetheaudienceandselectdetailsaccordingly–yourreader’sbackgroundandknowledgedetermineshowmuchyouneedtoexplain.•Giveallthenecessarystepsintheprocess–makesuretheprocessiscompleteandplacestepsintimeorsometimesinspaceorder.•Givedetailsandexamplestomaketheprocessclearandaccurate–whenyouhavesufficientandaccurateinformationabouttheprocess,yourexplanationoftheseparatestepsinitbecomeseasier.•Explainordescribetheunfamiliarmaterialsorspecializedtermsrequired.Avoidtechnicalwords.•Avoidunnecessarychangeintense,person,voiceandtone.4.In-classwritingexercises•HowtoMakeFriedChickens?•Whatisyourfavoritedish?Telltheclasshowtomakeit.•HowtocelebratetheChineseNewYearatyourhometown?HowtoMakeFriedChickens•Friedchickensareafavoritewithchildren,buttheprocessofmakingitisnoteasy.First,youneedtocutthechickenintopiecesandwashthemincoldwater.Thencoverthechickenpieceswithflour,saltandpepper.Getabigfryingpanandheatitto375degrees.Thenextstepistofryyourchickenpiecesinthepanuntiltheygobrownonallsides.Thislastsabout20minutes.Afterthechickenpiecesarewellcooked,youneedtoremovethemfromthepananddrainalltheoilfromthepan,thenputbackthechickeninthepan.Inthemeantime,reducetheheattolow.Cookthechickenpiecesinthiswaywiththecoverforabout30minutesandwithoutthecoverforanother10minutesuntiltheyarecrispandtender.Thefinalstepisputtingthechickenpiecesonaplatterandthedishisreadyforserving.L/O/G/OThankYou!