ASTM-D1185-REV-A-1998-(R-2017)-物料搬运和装运时使用的托盘及有关设备的

Designation:D1185−98a(Reapproved2017)StandardTestMethodsforPalletsandRelatedStructuresEmployedinMaterialsHandlingandShipping1ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD1185;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(´)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.ThisstandardhasbeenapprovedforusebyagenciesoftheU.S.DepartmentofDefense.1.Scope1.1Thesetestmethodscovertheperformanceofpalletsandrelatedstructures,functioningasskids,bases,platforms,andbinsinmaterialshandlingandshipping.Theirusefacilitatestheprotectionofbothpackagedandunpackagedproductsduringstorageandtransportation.Thetestmethodsincludemeasurementsoftherelativeresistanceofpalletsandrelatedstructurestodeformations,damages,andstructuralfailureswhichdetrimentallyaffectthefunctionalityoftheunitload.1.2Thesetestmethodsincludeconditioningrequirements,staticstiffnessandstrengthtests,anddynamictestsofstruc-turalreliability.Thesetestmethodsareusedtoevaluatetherelativeperformanceofnew,used,orreconditionedgeneralandspecial-purposepalletsfabricatedfromvariousmaterialsincludingsolidwood,woodcomposites,fiberboard,honeycomb,plastics,ormetal,ortocomparetheperformanceofsuchpalletsandrelatedstructurestospecifiedperformancecriteria.RecommendedcriteriaforalltestsspecifiedinthisstandardarelistedinAppendixX2.1.2.1Thesetestmethodsarealsousedtoclassifypalletsassingle-ormultiple-usepalletsandtodeterminethesafeworkingloadsforpalletsunderspecifiedloadandsupportconditions.1.3NonmandatoryPreliminaryTests—Becauseeachpalletmaybeusedunderseveraldifferentconditionsofloadandsupport,pallet-designconsiderationsandsafeworking-loadestimatesshallbebasedonthatconditionunderwhichthepalletoffersleastresistanceorismostseverelystressed.1.3.1Preliminary,short-durationstatictestsuptotheulti-mate(see8.2,8.3,and8.4)shallbeperformedonpreviouslynon-testedpalletstodeterminewhichloadandsupportcondi-tionsinfluencemostseverelythepalletload-carryingcapacityandsafeworkingloads.1.3.2Duringthedevelopmentofprototypesleadingtodesignsthatwillbesubjecttoacceptancetesting,asdescribedin1.4,thesepreliminarytestsshallincludethefree-falldroptestsinaccordancewith9.1.1.4MandatoryAcceptanceTests:1.4.1General-PurposePallets—Whentheobjectiveofthetestistodeterminethesafeworkingloadortoclassifyageneral-purposepalletasasingle-ormultiple-usepallet,alltestsdescribedinthesetestmethodsshallbeperformedintheorderspecified.Thesamepalletshallbeusedforallstaticanddynamictests,wherefeasible.1.4.2Special-PurposePallets—Whentheobjectiveofthetestistodeterminethesafeworkingloadortoclassifyaspecial-purposepallet,asasingle-ormultiple-usepallet,onlythosetestsrepresentingtheintendedconditionofuseshallbeperformed.Certainspecial–purposepalletdesigns,becauseofthepalletsize,itsshape,orthematerialoffabrication,orcombinationsthereof,cannotbereliablytestedusingthismethodology.Whenavailable,alternativetestmethodsshouldbeused.1.4.3FieldTesting—Itisrecommendedthatpalletdesignspassingtheseacceptancetestsbefurthersubjectedtofieldtestinginthedistributionenvironment.1.5SimulationoftheDistributionEnvironment—Thesetestmethodsarenotintendedtoleadtoexactsimulationsofpalletperformanceinthedistributionenvironment.Thesetestmeth-odsaredesignedtorelatetopracticewiththeaddedprovisionthattheyarerepeatable,donotdependonexceptionalskills,andaresafetoconductwithoutelaborateprecautions.Thetestfindingsarenotexpectedtoleadtounalterableconclusions.Testinginthedistributionenvironmentmaybenecessarytoverifytheresultsobtainedfromlaboratorytests.1.6Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappro-priatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplica-bilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.Specificwarningsaregivenin9.5.3.5.1ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD10onPackagingandarethedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD10.21onShippingContainersandSystems-ApplicationofPerformanceTestMethods.CurrenteditionapprovedMay1,2017.PublishedJuly2017.Originallyapprovedin1951.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2009asD1185–98a(2009).DOI:10.1520/D1185-98AR17.Copyright©ASTMInternational,100BarrHarborDrive,POBoxC700,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959.UnitedStatesThisinternationalstandardwasdevelopedinaccordancewithinternationallyrecognizedprinciplesonstandardizationestablishedintheDecisiononPrinciplesfortheDevelopmentofInternationalStandards,GuidesandRecommendationsissuedbytheWorldTradeOrganizationTechnicalBarrierstoTrade(TBT)Committee.1CopyrightASTMInternationalProvidedbyIHSunderlicensewithASTMLicensee=ExxonMobil/1890500101,User=huaiyun,zouNotforResale,07/28/201703:28:57MDTNoreproductionornetworkingpermittedwithoutlicensefromIHS1.7Thisinternationalstandardwasdevelopedinaccor-dancewithinternationallyrecognizedprinciplesonstandard-izationestablishedintheDecisiononPrinciplesfortheDevelopmentofInternationalStandards,GuidesandRecom-mendationsis