人教版高一英语必修2语法：被动语态

一、被动语态的意义谓语动词的语态表示句子的主语和谓语动作之间的关系。当句子主语是谓语动作的执行者时，主、谓之间的关系称为主动语态；当句子的主语是谓语动作的承受者时，主、谓之间的关系称为被动语态。例如：IteachEnglish.（主动语态）我教英语。OurEnglishistaughtbyhim.（被动语态）我们的英语是由他教的。HespeaksEnglish.（主动语态）他说英文。Englishisspokeninmanycountriesallovertheworld.（被动语态）世界许多国家都讲英语。二、被动语态的各种形式通常有十种时态的被动形式,被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：1.am/is/arebeingdone(现在进行时)Aroadisbeingbuiltaroundthemountain.Manynewhousesarebeingbuiltinthiscity.2.am/is/are+done(一般现在时)I’maskedtotakecareofmyself.Footballisplayedallovertheworld.3.has/havebeendone(现在完成时)Thisbookhasbeentranslatedintomanyforeignlanguages.Thepricesofmanygoodshavebeencutagain.4.hadbeendone(过去完成时)Anewschoolhadbeensetupbytheendoflastyear.Whentheanthemhadbeenplayedtheconferencebegan.5.was/weredone(一般过去时)Thishousewasbuiltin1958.Hislegwasbrokeninanaccident.6.was/werebeingdone(过去进行时)MeetingwasbeingheldwhenIwasthere.Wewerebeingtrainedthistimelastyear.7.shall/willbedone(一般将来时)Morefactorieswillbebuiltinourcity.Hewillbetakentohospitaltomorrow.8.shall/willhavebeendone(将来完成时)TheprojectwillhavebeencompletedbeforeJuly.Yourclothesshallhavebeenmadeforyousoon.9.should/wouldbedone(过去将来时)Hetoldmethathisnewclothswouldbemadebyhismother.10.should/wouldhavebeendone(将来完成时)Hetoldmethathisnewclotheswouldhavebeenmadeverysoon.三、被动语态的使用条件一般来说，在我们日常生活中，被动语态是不常用的。只有在下列情况中我们才用被动语态：1.不清楚动作的执行者是谁,如:Thewindowoftheclassroomwasbrokenyesterday.昨天，教室的窗子被打破了。Thetime-tablehasbeenchanged.时间表已变动了。2.说话人对宾语的兴趣大于对主语的兴趣（这时可用by引导出动作的执行者），例如：Thesongwascomposedbyayoungworker.这首歌是一位年轻工人谱写的。MyTVsetisbeingrepairedintheshop.我的电视机正在这店里修。3.不愿意说出动作的执行者，其目的是为了使语言得体、圆滑等。在这种情况下，有时常用一些句式，如“Itissaidthat…”（据说……），“Itisreportedthat…”（据报道……），“Itisrumoredthat…”（据传言……）等等。例如：Itissaidthatsheisgoingtobemarriedtoaforeigner.据说她要嫁给一个外国人。Youarerequestedtomakeaspeechatnextmeeting.请您在下次会议上作个发言。四、几种特殊的被动结构1.带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。Thebabyshouldbetakengoodcareofbythebaby-sitter.Inthissense,badthingscanbeturnedintogoodthings.2.有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。Thedelegationwasgivenawarmsend-offattheairport.Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparation.3.当“动词+宾语+宾语补语”结构变为被动语态时，原句中的宾语补语成为主语补语。能用这种结构的动词有：declare,call,consider,elect,appoint,nominate,find,leave,like,make,prefer,think,want等。如:Shewasnominatedamemberofthecouncil.ProfessorSmithwasappointedtheheadofthePhilosophyDepartment.4.在使役动词have,make,get以及感官动词see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。如：Astrangerwasseentowalkintothebuilding.Shewasmadetocleanthefloor.5.某些感官动词加形容词可以表示被动意义。Thedishtastesdelicious.Theapplesmellssweet.6.It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句，或主语＋be＋过去分词＋todosth.Itissaidthattheboyhaspassedthenationalexam.Theboyissaidtohavepassedthenationalexam.7.有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。如:ThemeetingwillbeputofftillFriday.8.非谓语动词的被动语态。v.+ing形式及不定式todo也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态)。如：Idon'tlikebeinglaughedatinthepublic.ThemeetingistobeputofftillFriday.五、被动语态与系表结构的区别当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时，be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：1．如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。Theglassisbroken．（系表结构）Theglasswasbrokenbytheboy．（被动语态）2.如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。如:Thedoorislocked．（系表结构）Thedoorhasalready/justbeenlocked．（被动语态）3.被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。如:Themachineisbeingrepaired．六、专项练习1.Itissaidthatanewrobot____byhiminafewdays.A.designedB.hasbeendesignedC.willbedesignedD.willhavebeendesigned2.Wearelate.Iexpectthefilm____bythetimewegettothecinema.A.willalreadyhavestartedB.wouldalreadyhavestartedC.shallhavealreadystartedD.hasalreadybeenstarted3.Shewillstopshowingoffifnonotice____ofher.A.istakenB.takesC.willbetakenD.hastaken4.Diamond____inBrazilin1971.A.isfoundB.hasbeenfoundC.wasfoundD.hadbeenfound5.“Haveyoumovedintothenewflat?”“Notyet.Theroom____.”A.hasbeenpaintedB.ispaintedC.paintsD.isbeingpainted6.Mypictures____untilnextFriday.A.won’tdevelopB.aren’tdevelopedC.don’tdevelopD.won’tbedeveloped7.Tim____sincehelosthisjobthreeweeksago.A.hadbeenunemployedB.wasunemployedC.hasbeenunemployedD.hasunemployed8.Agreatnumberofcollegesanduniversities____since1949.A.hasbeenestablishB.havebeenestablishedC.haveestablishedD.hadbeenestablished9.I’llhavetopushthecartothesideoftheroadbecausewe____ifweleaveithere.A.wouldbefinedB.willbefinedC.willbeingfinedD.willhavebeenfined10.“____twoticketsforthenewplayattheGrandTheatreonSaturday.Shallwegoandseeittogether?”A.TheyhavebeengivenB.IhavebeengivenC.IamgivenD.TheyhavegiventomeAnswers:1.C2.A3.A4.C5.D6.D7.C8.B9.B10.B