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Thenotionoflandscapeasatextwithencodedmeaning,aplaceofmemoryandassociation,anexperientialspaceinwhichtostrollandenjoytheunfoldingofsequentialviewsortositquietlyandponderthethoughtspromptedbytheimpressionsofsceneryuponthesenses-thesefundamentalswerecommontobothEastAsiangardensandthegardensdevelopedinEnglandintheeighteenthcentury.ThereciprocalassociationbetweenlandscapedesignandpaintingthatwasfirstdevelopedinChinaandthenlateradoptedinJapanissimilartotheeighteenth-centuryEnglishsensibilitythatfoundinClaudeLorrain’sseventeenth-centurypaintingsanappropriateidiomforthelayoutoftheparksofgreatestates.Similarly,anaffinityforlandscapethemes,prevalentineighteenth-andnineteenth-centuryEnglishliterature,isespeciallycommoninthepoetryofChinaandJapan.TheRomanticappreciationforthesublimeinnature,whichcausedWilliamWordsworthtoattunehissoultothesoundingcataract...thetallrock,themountain,andthedeepandgloomywood,”wasakintothereverencefornatureofChinesescholarsandmysticsmanycenturiesbefore.景观的概念作为一种具有编码的意义的题目,作为记忆和联想的地方,作为散步和享受系列风景展开的体验空间,或坐下来静静地沉思风景对感觉所带来的印象----这些基本要素对于东亚园林以及后来十八世纪在英国所发展的园林是共同的。/景观设计和绘画之间的相互结合,在中国首先发展,后来在日本采用,类似于第十八世纪的英国感觉,像在洛兰克劳德的第十七世纪画的那个适合大屋的公园的风格布局。/同样,在第十八和十九世纪英国文学的流行的景观主题的亲和力,是在中国和日本的诗歌尤其是常见的。对自然界的极端浪漫的欣赏,使威廉华兹华斯的灵魂感受到“瀑布声..高高的岩石,山,和深邃幽暗的树林,”类似于许多世纪以前中国学者和神秘主义者对自然的敬畏。ButinspiteofthisapparentsimilaritybetweenEastandWest,atacertainpointintimewithregardtoeachculture’sphilosophicalattitudetowardlandscape,theunderlyingdifferencesbetweenthehistoricgardensofAsiaandthoseformedinEuropeandAmericaarefundamentalandprofound.Westernenvironmentalistsattemptingtoreforgethebrokenhumancontractwithnature,whotrytoreasonthecausesforitsruptureinthefirstplace,mustreckonwiththeJudeo-ChristiantraditionofajealousGodwhotoleratesnorivalsandissituatedinaremoteHeaven,thetrueparadiseascomparedtothe“false”paradiseofthisword.TheancientGreeks,whohaddreamedtheirgodsoutofthegroundandplacedthemintheskyuponOlympus,didnotsothoroughlydepopulatetheearthofitsdivinitiesasdidthemonotheisticculturesofJudaismandChristianity.Theyjourneyedtosacredplacesinnature,seekingoracularwisdomatDelphiandspiritualinitiationatEleusis.Butitistonature-orientedreligionslikeDaoismandShintothatonemustlooktofindamoredirectbondbetweenpeopleandEarth.InChinaandJapan,althoughnaturewasasthoroughlyharnessedtoservehumaneconomicendsasintheWest,thescholarlyandrulingelitesespousedandexpressedthroughlandscapedesignBuddhistpreceptsinformedbyDaoistandShintoidealsemphasizinglifelivedinspiritualharmonywithnature.ChineseDaoistthoughtfosteredperceptionsofqi,the“breath”,orinherentenergy,possessedbyallphenomena.InJapan,Shintoreligionledparticipantstoreverencekami,thespiritsfoundinnature.Gardendesigninbothcountriesreflectedandnourishedtheseideals.尽管东西方之间的相似性很明显,但是在一定时间内,因为对风景每一种文化有一种哲学态度,亚洲与欧洲和美国形成的历史园林潜在的差异是根本和深刻的。/西方的环保主义者试图修复打破的自然和人的联系,他们首先试图思考它破裂的原因,都必须了解犹太-基督教传说,一个嫉妒的上帝不能容忍对手,所以坐落在一个遥远的天堂的,这个故事是真正的天堂与“假”的天堂的比较。/古希腊人曾梦见自己神出现然后把他们放在奥林匹斯山的天空,当犹太教和基督教的一神论文化存在时,古希腊人没有非常彻底地减少地球的神灵。/他们来到了大自然的神圣的地方,在Delphi寻求神谕的智慧和在埃莱夫西斯精神萌生。/但它是面向自然的宗教,例如道教和神道教,必须寻找人与地球之间的更直接利益。/在中国和日本,学术和统治精英了解了道教和神道教的理念是强调生活中的精神与自然的和谐,支持并表示通过景观设计佛教戒律,虽然在西方为人类的经济目的,自然被充分利用。/中国道家思想的培养所有情况下对“气”,“呼吸”,或内在的能量的感知。/在日本,神道教被敬畏神,在自然界中发现精神。园林设计在这两个国家都体现和滋养了这些理想。Rocks---themineralsubstanceofnature---hadasstrongandaestheticandassociativevalueinEastAsiangardensasrepresentationalsculptureincarvedstoneandcastbronzedidinWesternones.InChina,gardendesignersemployedcarefullyselected,waterwornrockswithcleftsandfissures.Thesespatiallyintricaterockswereusuallyintendedtoevokethemist-shroudedmountainrangesofthelargerlandscape,fortheChineseattributedtotheircountry’speaksthesamein-dwellingmysteryandconnectionwiththedivineasdidothercivilizations.SuchscenerymightbetermedsublimeaccordingtotheaestheticsoftheWest.InJapan,wheremountainsarelessdramaticallyformed,designerssometimesemployedrocksincompositionsthatintentionallyevokedscenesfromChinesepainting,butmoreoftenrockswereplacedinwaterorgravel“streams”asmetaphoricalislands.Japanesegardendesignersalsodisplayedparticularingenuityintheirselectionofbeautifullyshapedflatsteppingstones,positioningthemsoastoform,inconjunctionwithmoss,ground-planepatternsofhighlypleasingpatternandtexture.LiketherocksinChinesescholars,Japanesegardenrockswereoftenassociatedwithmythicalorrealanimalsofsymbolicalimport.Inbothcultures,theviewerwasencouragedtoenjoytheabstractbeautyofthesemineralformswhilealsoimaginingtheirresemblancetootherthings.岩石--自然的矿物物质--在东亚园林中具有强烈的审美的联想的价值,作为西方的园林的雕刻石和铸造青铜中具有代表性的雕塑。在中国,园林设计师精心挑选被水冲蚀的岩石结晶和裂缝。这些空间复杂的岩石通常是为了唤起薄雾笼罩的山脉的更大的景观,中国人认为他们的国家的山峰跟生活一样的神秘,山峰与神连接像其他文明一样。根据西方的美学,这样的风景可以被称为崇高的。在日本,在那里的山不太明显形成,设计师有时采用岩石的组成,故意诱发中国画的场景,但更多的往往是岩石被放置在水或砾石“流”作为隐喻的岛屿。日本园林设计师也在他们选择的精美形状的平坦的踏脚石时表现出特别的独创性,放置石头,结合苔藓,高度愉悦的图案和质地的地面平面图案。如中国学者的岩石,日本花园岩常与神话相关或象征引进真实的动物。在这两种文化中,观众被鼓励享受这些矿物形式的抽象美,同时也想象它们与其他东西的相似之处。JICHENG'SGARDENMANUAL:THEYUANYEBytheendoftheSongperiod,theconventionsofChinesegardendesignwerewellestablished.AsChinesemerchantsprosperedduringtheMingdynasty,they,liketheemperorhimself,emulatedtheculturalelite,themandarin
本文标题:风景园林专业英语lesson7
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