翻译理论与实践-多元系统理论

TranslationstudiesintheeightiesFeatures:Translationstudiesshiftedfromtheorytodescriptivework.ICLA--InternationalComparativeLiteratureAssociation（国际比较文学学派）Agroupdiscussedimprovingmethodsfordescribingliterarytranslationanddeterminingculturalandtranslationalnormativebehavior.Unfortunately,manyofthediscussionwerelostorunpublished.（P131）Typicalrepresentatives•1、TheoHermans(西奥•赫曼斯)•ProfessorofLondonUniversity,Britishtranslationtheorist,representativeofdescriptiveandsystematictheory（描写与系统理论）.•Treatingliteratureasacomplexanddynamicsystem;thereisaninterplaybetweentheoreticalmodelsandpracticalcasestudies;theapproachtoliterarytranslationisdescriptive(描述性),target-oriented（目的语为导向）,functional（功能性）,andsystemic（系统性）;andthinkingthenorms（规范）andconstraintswillgorverntheproductionandreceptionoftranslation.（P131）•2、JoseLambert&HendrikvanGorp何塞•兰博特&亨德里克•范•高•Theysuggestedthatallfunctionallyrelevantaspectsoftranslationactivityinitshistoricalcontext(历史文本)neededtobecarefullyobserved.•Thus,theauthor,text,readerandliterarynormsinoneliterarysystemweretobejuxtaposed(并列)toanauthor,text,reader,andliterarynormsinanotherliterarysystem.(P132)•Therelationshipbetweenthetwosystemswasanopenone,thepredictionsabouttherelationshipsinitiallyshouldbekepttoaminimum.•Theyalsocalldforastudyforrelationsbetween•Authors'andthetranslators'intentions•Pragmaticsandreceptioninsourceandtargetsystems•Authorsandotherwriters•Differingliterarysystems•Differingsociologicalaspects(eg:publishing,distribution)Advantageofthesystemicapproach:moreapplicable.(P132)3、Leuvenschool(勒芬学派)•Theyfocusondescriptivework•Representatives:Lambert,LievenD'Hulst,KatrinvanBragt,andgraduatestudentsatUniversityofLeuven.•Result:virtuallynothinghasbeenpublished,thesilenceisitselfproblematic.•Twopromisedbooks:•LiteratureandTranslationinFrance•TheVicarofWakefield(VanBragt)(P132)4、Lambert兰博特Hearguedthatthemotivationbehindtextselectionandtranslationalpolicywasdirectlyrelatedtothegenresysteminthetargetculture.Byfocusingonnormsandmodels,hearguesscholarsmayfindtheground(基础)forcomparison.(P133)preliminarynorms(预先规范)Norms(包括翻译政策translationpolicy和翻译的直接性)optionalnorms（操作规范）（指翻译活动中指导决定的作出）Normsdeterminewhatkindoftranslationalrelationsensue,andthewayforeignmaterialisimportedanddomesticated.Everyinstantofthetranslationprocessisgoverndbynorms.Theverydefinitionoftranslationisdependentuponnormsandhowtheyworkinanygivensystem/society.(P133)5、KittyVanLeuven-Zwart凯蒂.范.路文兹瓦特•SheisaDutchscholar,formerheadoftheTranslationStudiesDeparment（翻译研究部）attheUniversityofAmsterdam.•Shebelievedthatthedescriptivebranchmustfocusuponinvestigatingnormsandstrategies,butthesystematiccomparisonoftranslationsandsourcetextswasneglected.(忽略了译文和原文本的系统比较)•Shetracesshiftsonamicrostructurallevel(eg:words,clauses,setences),relatestheconsequencesofthemicrolevelshiftsonthemacrostructurallevel(eg:characters,events,time),andcategorizesthem.•(P133)•Hermethodnotonlyshowedthateverywordcontainsshifts,butthatfrequentlythewordsorclausestranslatedshowmultipleshifts.•Shiftswereseennotasmistranslationsorviolationsofrulesofequivalence(对等原则),butastheruleitself.Theseshiftswillimpactthetextatthemacrostructurallevel.•Herresearchgivesvaluableinsightsintothenatureoftranslationandlanguageitself.However,herresearchwastoocomplextoimplement.(繁琐不宜实行)•（P134）6、TheDutch-Flemishgroup(荷兰-弗兰德学派)•Theyrevaluatetheverydefinitionofatranslatedtext,andfindthattranslationsometimeshidewithintheforeignmodel.•eg:indailylife,weusetranslationwithoutbeingawareofit.•Pseudo-translation伪翻译（nooriginalexists）•Translationviaaninterveninglanguage(中间语)•Translationnotidentified(认同)byaculture•（eg:filmadaptations同化,versions倒转,imitations模仿,falsetranslations错译）•（P134）7、Even-Zohar&Toury佐哈尔&图里•Contribution:Theirsystemtheoryworkhelpedtranslationstudiesbreakdowncertainconceptualbarriersandfindamethodforbetterdescribingtranslations.•theyfurtheredourunderstandingofthetranslationprocess,andfirstlyrecognizedtheimportanceoftranslationwithinthestudyofanyindividualliterature.•Disadvantage:Dogmaticallycommittedtopolysystemtheory.Anotherkindofstructualism.Zohar'sclaimforobjectiveanalysisofliteraryfactsseemsevenlesstenable(站不住脚).•(P135)8、TranslationscholarsinEnglandandAmericaRepresentatives:Bassnett,Lefevere,DavidLloyd,MariaTymoczko.TheythinkZohar'spolysystemtheoryistooformalisticandrestrictive,andfocusoninstitutionsofprestigeandpowerwithinanygivencultureandpatternsinliterarytranslation.Meanwhile,theydroptheinductiveandscientificapproachinfavorofamoredeductiveandlessformalisticmethod.(eg:Lefevere)(P136)9、Lefevere勒弗维尔•Hearguedthatliterarysystemsdonotoccurinavacuumbutwithintheideologicalmilieu(环境)ofanera.•Helookedatlexicalshiftsandaskedquestionsabouttheideologicalpressuresonthetranslatorandstrategiesthatthetranslatorhas.•1981,hestudiedexistingtranslationsandconstructedhistoricalgrammarsinordertodescribetranslationalphenomena.•1985,hewasreaderfriendly,avoidedthescientificvocabularycharacteristic,stoppedtryingtobepurelyobjective,andraisedquestionsaboutdistinctionsbetweenliteraryandnon-literary.((P137))•Lefevere'