核辐射英语演讲PPT

Makepeacewiththeplanet.——EventhespectacularnucleardisastersatThree-MileIslandandChernobylwerefarlessseriousastechnicalfailuresthantheywereintheirecologicaleffects.即使三里岛和切尔诺贝利的核灾难在技术上的失败比起它们对于生态系统所造成的影响也小得多。]TheChernobylNuclearAccidentTheFukushimaDaiichinucleardisasterTheThreeMileIslandAccidentTheThreeMileIslandAccidentTheChernobylNuclearAccidentTheFukushimaDaiichinucleardisasterTheThreeMileIslandAccidentTheChernobylNuclearAccidentTheFukushimaDaiichinucleardisasterTheThreeMileIslandAccidentTheChernobylNuclearAccidentTheFukushimaDaiichinucleardisasterTheThreeMileIslandAccidentTheThreeMileIslandaccidentwasapartialnuclearmeltdownwhichoccurredinoneofthetwoThreeMileIslandnuclearreactorsinDauphinCounty,Pennsylvania,UnitedStates,onMarch28,1979.ItwastheworstaccidentinU.S.commercialnuclearpowerplanthistory.Theincidentwasratedafiveontheseven-pointInternationalNuclearEventScale:AccidentWithWiderConsequences.1.TheThreeMileIslandAccidentThepowerplantwasownedandoperatedbyGeneralPublicUtilitiesandMetropolitanEdison(MetEd).Thereactorinvolvedintheaccident,Unit2,wasapressurizedwaterreactormanufacturedbyBabcock&Wilcox.Unit2(二号反应堆)MainCauses当天凌晨4时0分0秒，三哩岛核电站95万千瓦压水堆电站二号反应堆一回路的给水主泵停转，汽轮机停机。备用泵按照预设的程序启动，但是由于辅助给水系统中隔离阀在此前的例行检修中没有按规定打开，导致辅助给水系统没有投入运行。Consequencesofstuckvalve(隔离阀)①ThedesignofthePORV(减压阀)indicatorlightwasfundamentallyflawed.Andtheoperatorshadnotbeentrainedtouseit.②Theoperatorsdidnotcorrectlydiagnosetheproblem③NuclearleakalarmdidnotattracttheattentionofoperatorsHumanfactorsEmergencyMeasures•Schoolswereclosedandresidentswereurgedtostayindoors.•Pregnantwomenandpre-schoolagechildrenwereemergencyevacuation.•Farmersweretoldtokeeptheiranimalsundercoverandonstoredfeed•CleanupstartedinAugust1979andofficiallyendedinDecember1993,withatotalcleanupcostofabout$1billion•FiftymilesaroundThreeMileIslandnuclearpowerplant,noneofthe2200000residentshadtheacuteradiationreaction.在以三哩岛核电站为圆心的50英里范围内，220万居民中无人发生急性辐射反应。•Theaverageradiationdosetopeoplelivingwithintenmilesoftheplantwaseightmillirem.EightmilliremisaboutequaltoachestX-ray.周围居民所受到的辐射相当于进行了一次胸部X光照射的辐射剂量。•Theaccidenthashadnoobservablelongtermhealtheffects三哩岛核泄漏事故对于周围居民的癌症发生率没有显著性影响。•Diseaseratesinareasfurtherthan10milesfromtheplantwereneverexamined三哩岛附近未发现动植物异常现象,当地农作物产量未发生异常变化。•ButtheleakaccidentofnuclearpowerplantreactorNo.twowasseriouslydamaged,thedirecteconomiclossonebillion.但是泄漏事故造成核电站二号堆严重损毁，直接经济损失达10亿美元之巨。AftermathTheChernobyldisasterwasanuclearaccidentthatoccurredon26April1986attheChernobylNuclearPowerPlantintheUkrainianSSR.Itisconsideredtheworstnuclearpowerplantaccidentinhistory,anditistheonlyoneclassifiedasalevel7eventontheInternationalNuclearEventScale.2.TheChernobylNuclearAccidentMainCausesOperatinginstructionsanddesigndeficienciesOperatorerrorinitiallyfaulted①Thereactorhadadangerouslylargepositivevoidcoefficient.②Amoresignificantflawwasinthedesignofthecontrolrodsthatareinsertedintothereactortoslowdownthereaction.Thedevelopersofthereactorplantconsideredthiscombinationofeventstobeimpossibleandthereforedidnotallowforthecreationofemergencyprotectionsystemscapableofpreventingthecombinationofeventsthatledtothecrisis.TheleakageradiationdustwithairblowingintothewesternregionofSovietUnion,EasternEuropeandTheNordicScandinavianPeninsula.Ukraine,BelarusandRussiaaretheMostpolluted.PollutionscalesAftermath1)Internationalspreadofradioactivesubstances2)Radioactiverelease3)Healthofplantworkersandlocalpeople4)ResidualradioactivityintheenvironmentMapofradiationlevelsin1996aroundChernobyl.•TheChernobylaccidentkilledmorethan30peopleimmediately,andasaresultofthehighradiationlevelsinthesurrounding20-mileradius,135,000peoplehadtobeevacuated.•In2006,TheOtherReportOnChernobylpointedoutthereareabout4000peoplewilldiefromtheexcessiveradiation.TheresultantreleaseofradioactivitythreatensmanythousandsofpeoplealloverEuropewithcancer.Uptonow,themalformationfetus(畸形儿)stillbirthduetothelong-termeffectsofradioactivematerial.Theaccidentareaisstillcontaminatedanduninhabitable.Theonceprosperouscityhasbecomea“ghostcity”Actions•April26,1986,over8tonsleakageofstrongradiation.Unit4wassubsequentlyreinforcedconcreteseal,thenamesarcophagusSarcophagushasbeeninusefornearly25years,nowithasbeentheappearanceofcracks.Ukrainehopesinthesarcophagusontheinstallationofa100-meterhighsteelarch石棺“已使用了近25年，现在它已经出现裂缝，乌克兰希望在”石棺“上安装高100米的钢拱。3.Japan'snuclearleakageTheFukushimaDaiichinucleardisasterwasacatastrophicfailureattheFukushimaINuclearPowerPlanton11March2011,resultinginameltdownofthreeoftheplant'ssixnuclearreactors.Itisthelargestnuclearincidentsincethe1986Chernobyldisasterandthesecond(withChernobyl)tomeasureLevel7ontheInternationalNuclearEventScale.ReflectionAfreelunchisreallyadebt.Whenthedebtsrepresentedbyenvironmentalpollutionarecreatedbythetechnosphereandtransferredtotheecosphere,theyarenevercanceled;damageisunavoidable.当债务以技术圈制造的环境污染的形式出现，然后又转嫁到生态圈的时候，这种债务将是永远无法消除的。Makepeacewiththeplanet.Thanks!