全球化竞争、行业协会治理与中小企业簇群成长

20061JOURNALOFRENMINUNIVERSITYOFCHINANo.12006[]2005208205[](70373068,70573117);(02CJ1006)[](1965-),,,,,;(1981-),,,;(1982-),,1,2,1(11,100872;21,650032)[],,,,,,,[];;[]F27613;F40213[]A[]100025420(2006)0120078208,?,(industrialcluster),,:,,,[1],[2](Piore)(Sabel)[3](TheInternationalInstituteofLaborStudies)():,,,87,,,,[4],(),,[5],,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,(SPS)WTO,,,,,,,[6],,,,,[7],,,,,,,,;;,;,,,CR,,,?,()(col2lectiveefficiency)[1],,:(unplannedcollectiveefficiency)(plannedcollectiveefficiency)(Nadvi)(passivecollectiveefficiency)(activecollectiveefficiency)[8],(Porter),,[4],,1(Schmitz)SinosValley[6],,,,,971(1);(2);(3);(4);(5);(6);(7),(1):;;;;(2):;;;;;(3):;;;;;;,,,,,,,,,[9]300,199219931,60%1994,GMP(),,,,,,,1997,,,,300130GMP(),(),SinosValley/Sialkot(PatrickCronin),[10],,,,,,,,[1],?(Klein)[11](Hollingsworth)[12],()(Unger),(Corporatism),,,[13],,,,,,,[14],,,(privateorder),,,-(Meyer2Stamer)(SileneSeibel)SantaCatarina,[15]():(Embeded2ness)[16]2082()():,,:,:(V),,(V)(),,,,:(C)(C),,,::,,,:+(V+V);(C):R=V+V-C(1):,,V;,,,:C+C:R=V-(C+C)(2)(1)(2),,;,,,,,:(1);(2),,;(3),;(4);(5);(6),(TacitKnowledge),;(7),,[12]18,(19891993)CR(1994)CR(1998)(19912002),,,():1.[17],,,[18],,1/10,,,,,,31000,,,,,,,,19881991,,,19901991,,,500,,1992,,,,,,,1993,(),,,,,,,2.,:(1),,10,,199459%199883%(2),,,(3),,,(4),500,,,(5),(6),::,,(,),,,,,,:,;,28,1999,,:,,,,,,,,():1.CR80%,1998,CR,,2,15,CRCR,200110,WTO,;,,,CR,,,20023,34,,CR,CR,CRCR,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,;,CR,,CR,,,2.20026,(),(),,,167,,,381991,,,16.9%2000,5,WTO;,,,15,;;,,;2002,,20037,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(),,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,?[][1]HubertSchmitz.CollectiveEfficiency:GrowthPathforSmall2ScaleIndustry[J].JournalofDevelopmentStudies,1995,31(4).[2]HermineWeijland.MicroenterpriseClustersinRuralIndonesia:IndustrialSeedbedandPolicyTarget[J].WorldDevelopment,1999,27(9).[3]Piore,M.&C.Sable.TheSecondIndustrialDivide[M].NewYork:BasicBooksInc.,1984.[4]M.Porter.TheCompetitiveAdvantageofNa2tions[M].London:MacmillanPr.Ltd.,1990.[5].[M].:,1999.[6]HubertSchmitz.GlobalCompetitionandLocalCooperation:SuccessandFailureinSinosValley,Brazil[J].WorldDevelopment,1999,27(9).[7]RichardPouder,CaronH.ST.John.HotSpotsandBlindSpots:GeographicalClustersofFirmsandInnovation[J].AcademyofManagementReview,1996,21(4).[8]KhalidNadvi.CuttingEdge:CollectiveEffi2ciencyandInternationalCompetitivenessinPakistan[Z].IDSDiscussionPaperNo1360,Brighton:InstituteofDe248velopmentStudies,UniversityofSussex,1996.[9]KhalidNadvi.CollectiveEfficiencyandCollec2tiveFailure:TheResponseoftheSialkotSurgicalInstru2mentClustertoGlobalQualityPressures[J].WorldDe2velopment,1999,27(9).[10]PatrickCronin.GameTheory,BusinessAsso2ciationandthePromotionofSmallBusinessNetworkinNorthernMexico[M].London:Routledge,2002.[11]PeterG.Klein,NicolaiJ.Foss.TheTheoryoftheFirmandItsCritics:AStocktakingandAssess2ment[A].EricBrousseauandJean2MichelGlachant(eds.).NewInstitutionalEconomics:ATextbook[C].Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1998.[12]Hollingsworth,Schmitter&Streeck.Gover2ningCapitalistEconomies:PerformanceandControlofE2conomicSectors[M].Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1994.[13]JonathanUnger.Bridges:PrivateBusiness,theChinaGovernmentandtheRiseofNewAssociations[J].TheChinaQuarterly,1996,(147).[14].[M].:,2002.[15]JorgMeyer2Stamer,SileneSeibel.Cluster,ValueChainandtheRiseandDeclineofCollectiveAc2tion:theCaseoftheTileIndustryinSantaCatarina[M].Brazil,2002.[16]N.Dayasindhu.Embededness,KnowledgeTransfer,IndustryClustersandGlobalCompetitiveness:aCaseStudyoftheIndianSoftwareindustry[J].Techova2tion,2002,(22).[17]KhalidNadvi.CollectiveEfficiencyandCollec2tiveFailure:TheResponseoftheSialkotSurgicalInstru2mentClustertoGlobalQualityPressures[J].WorldDe2velopment,1999,27(9);Humphrey,J.andH.Schmitz.TrustandInterfirmRelationsinDevelopingandTransi2tionEconomies[J].JournalofDevelopmentStudies,1998,(37).[18]Knorringa.EconomicsofCollaboration:Indi2anShoemakersbetweenMarketandHierarchy[M].NewDehliandLondon:Sage,1996.()GlobalCompetition,TradeAssociationGovernanceandDevelopmentofSMEsIndustrialClustersACaseStudyonWenzhouLighterClusterZHENGFeng2tian1,HUMing2,ZHAOShufang1(11SchoolofAgriculturalEconomicsandRuralDevelopment,RenminUniversityofChina,Beijing100872;21KunmingOffice,OxfamHongkong,Yunnan,Kunming650032)Abstract:Industrialclustercanhelpsmallenterprisestocontactthewidestmarketintheglobalcom2petitions.Thisessaytriestoconcretelyanalyzetherolesoftradeassociationgovernanceintheprocessofindustrialclustersgrowingtomaturity,lighterclusterinWenzhou,Zhejiangasaresearchcase.Onthebasisofthetheoryoftradeassociation,takingWenzhouLighter&SmokingIndustryAssociationpsConventionontheRights(1989-1993)andhandlingofEUChildResistanceLaw(1998)andtheanti2dumpingofthelightersasexamples,thisessaytriestotakeaparttherolesthattradeassociationsplayasakindofsocialintermediaryorganizationsincrisis.Withtheparticularad2vantagessuchasresourcepooling,cooperationpromoting,communicationfacilitatingandinternation2allobbying,tradeassociationscouldhelppromotethedevelopmentofSMEsclusters.Keywords:SMEsclusters;tradeassociationgovernance;theglobalcompetition58