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’sLettersToBerkshireShareholders1989巴菲特致股东的信1989年Ourgaininnetworthduring1989was$1.515billion,or44.4%.Overthelast25years(thatis,sincepresentmanagementtookover)ourper-sharebookvaluehasgrownfrom$19.46to$4,296.01,oratarateof23.8%compoundedannually.本公司1989年的净值增加了15亿1千5百万美元,较去年增加了44.4%,过去25年以来(也就是自从现有经营阶层接手后),每股净值从19元成长到现在的4,296美元,年复合成长率约为23.8%。Whatcounts,however,isintrinsicvalue-thefigureindicatingwhatallofourconstituentbusinessesarerationallyworth.Withperfectforesight,thisnumbercanbecalculatedbytakingallfuturecashflowsofabusiness-inandout-anddiscountingthematprevailinginterestrates.Sovalued,allbusinesses,frommanufacturersofbuggywhipstooperatorsofcellularphones,becomeeconomicequals.然而真正重要的还是实质价值-这个数字代表组合我们企业所有份子合理的价值,根据精准的远见,这个数字可由企业未来预计的现金流量(包含流进与流出),并以现行的利率予以折现,不管是马鞭的制造公司或是行动电话的业者都可以在同等的地位上,据以评估其经济价值。BackwhenBerkshire'sbookvaluewas$19.46,intrinsicvaluewassomewhatlessbecausethebookvaluewasentirelytiedupinatextilebusinessnotworththefigureatwhichitwascarried.Nowmostofourbusinessesareworthfarmorethantheircarryingvalues.ThisagreeableevolutionfromadiscounttoapremiummeansthatBerkshire'sintrinsicbusinessvaluehascompoundedataratethatsomewhatexceedsour23.8%annualgrowthinbookvalue.当伯克希尔的帐面价值是19.46美元之时,由于主要的资产多属于纺织事业,所以实质的价值大概比帐面价值要少一点,但时至今日我们企业的价值却早已较帐面价值多的多,这代表着伯克希尔实质价值成长的速度要比帐面价值每年平均23.8%的复合成长率还要再高一些。Therear-viewmirrorisonething;thewindshieldisanother.Alargeportionofourbookvalueisrepresentedbyequitysecuritiesthat,withminorexceptions,arecarriedonourbalancesheetatcurrentmarketvalues.Atyearendthesesecuritieswerevaluedathigherprices,relativetotheirownintrinsicbusinessvalues,thanhasbeenthecaseinthepast.Onereasonisthebuoyant1989stockmarket.Moreimportant,thevirtuesofthesebusinesseshavebeenwidelyrecognized.Whereasoncetheirstockpriceswereinappropriatelylow,theyarenotnow.后照镜是一回事,雨刷又是另外一回事,我们帐面价值大部分是反应我们所持有的有价证券,而这些有价证券除了少数的例外,又大多以市价在资产负债表上列示,在去年年底这些有价证券较之过去,又以比实质价值呈现更高的价格,一方面当然是因为1989年股市的飙涨,另一方面则是这些有价证券的价值得到大家的认同,也就是说过去他们的股价曾经相当的低,但这种情况如今已不复存在。Wewillkeepmostofourmajorholdings,regardlessofhowtheyarepricedrelativetointrinsicbusinessvalue.This'til-death-do-us-partattitude,combinedwith我们仍然会保有我们主要的持股,不管相较于实质价值,他们现在的市场价格是多少,我们对于他们至死不分离的态度加上这些股份现在的价位,:(1)theexceptionalgainsinintrinsicvaluethatourportfoliocompanieshaveachieved;(2)theadditionalbonuswerealizedasthemarketappropriatelycorrectedthepricesofthesecompanies,raisingtheirvaluationsinrelationtothoseoftheaveragebusiness.Wewillcontinuetobenefitfromgoodgainsinbusinessvaluethatwefeelconfidentourportfoliocompanieswillmake.Butourcatch-uprewardshavebeenrealized,whichmeanswe'llhavetosettleforasingle-dipinthefuture.意味者他们在未来可能无法再像先前那样将伯克希尔的净值大幅向上推升,换句话说,我们能有现在的表现主要受惠于两方面(1)我们旗下的公司所创造出的实质价值增长(2)由于市场对于这些公司的股价,相较于一般企业所做合理的修正所带来的额外红利。在未来我们有信心仍然可以享受公司所创造出来的价值,但是对于先前补涨的利益则因为大都已实现,这意味着我们将来只能靠前者来受惠。Wefaceanotherobstacle:Inafiniteworld,highgrowthratesmustself-destruct.Ifthebasefromwhichthegrowthistakingplaceistiny,thislawmaynotoperateforatime.Butwhenthebaseballoons,thepartyends:Ahighgrowthrateeventuallyforgesitsownanchor.此外我们还面临到另一项挑战,在有限的世界里,任何高成长的事物终将自我毁灭,若是成长的基础相对较小,则这项定律偶尔会被暂时打破,但是当基础膨胀到一定程度时,好戏就会结束,高成长终有一天会被自己所束缚。CarlSaganhasentertaininglydescribedthisphenomenon,musingaboutthedestinyofbacteriathatreproducebydividingintotwoevery15minutes.SaysSagan:Thatmeansfourdoublingsanhour,and96doublingsaday.Althoughabacteriumweighsonlyaboutatrillionthofagram,itsdescendants,afteradayofwildasexualabandon,willcollectivelyweighasmuchasamountain...intwodays,morethanthesun-andbeforeverylong,everythingintheuniversewillbemadeofbacteria.Nottoworry,saysSagan:Someobstaclealwaysimpedesthiskindofexponentialgrowth.Thebugsrunoutoffood,ortheypoisoneachother,ortheyareshyaboutreproducinginpublic.CarlSagan曾经开玩笑地解释这种现象,假设有一种细菌每15分钟可以分裂一次,亦即代表每一小时复制四次,一天可复制96次,虽然单一个细菌其重量只有一兆分之一公克重,但是只要经过一天无止尽的无性生殖,其重量可能会比一座山还重,经过两天后,甚至会比太阳还重,要不了多久所有的宇宙都将由这种细菌所组成,不过Sagan又说,大家不必担心,上天一定会安排障碍来阻止其倍数成长,有可能他会耗尽食物,或是毒死自己,或是有可能羞于在大庭广众之下复制。Evenonbaddays,CharlieMunger(Berkshire'sViceChairmanandmypartner)andIdonotthinkofBerkshireasabacterium.Nor,toourunendingsorrow,havewefoundawaytodoubleitsnetworthevery15minutes.Furthermore,wearenottheleastbitshyaboutreproducing-financially即使是在昀坏的情况下,查理孟格(伯克希尔的副主席兼主要合伙人),与我都不认为伯克希尔会像细菌一样无止尽地成长,当然更不可能像细菌那样找到每15分钟就能够复制一次的方法,虽然我们不会像细菌那般羞于在公开场合进行复制,不过Sagan的观察还是对的,相较于刚开始的2,200万,以伯克希尔目前的49亿美元的净值基础,我们实在很难像过去那样每年以15%以上的成长率增加。Taxes租税Our1989gainof$1.5billionwasachievedafterwetookachargeofabout$712millionforincometaxes.Inaddition,Berkshire'sshareoftheincometaxespaidbyitsfivemajorinveste
本文标题:巴菲特致股东的信1989年
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