考研英美文学名词解释

英美文学名词解释TermsinEnglishandAmericanLiterature1.Aestheticism/theAestheticismMovement(唯美主义)AEuropeanphenomenonduringthemiddleofthe19thcenturythathaditschiefheadquartersinFrance.ThismovementwasintroducedtolateVictorianEnglandmainlyWalterPaterasareactionagainstthematerialismandcommercialismofanindustrializedsociety.ItwasalsoareactionagainsttheVictorianconventionofartformorality’ssake,orartformoney’ssake.Themajortenetsofthismovementincludethebeliefintheautonomyofaworkofart,theemphasisoncraftandartistry--thetheoryof“artforart’ssake”.ThemostoutstandingVictorianrepresentativesofthismovementincludedOscarWilde.2.Allegory（寓言）Ataleinverseorproseinwhichcharacters,actions,orsettingsrepresentabstractideasormoralqualities.Anallegoryisastorywithtwomeanings,aliteralmeaningandasymbolicmeaning.寓言：用诗歌或散文讲的故事，在这个故事中人物、事件或背景往往代表抽象的概念或道德品质。所有的寓言都是一个具有双重意义、文学内涵或象征意义的故事。3.Alliteration(头韵)Itistherepetitionofthesameinitialconsonantsoundwithinalineoragroupofwordsinpoetry.InOldEnglishalliterativemeter,alliterationistheprincipalorganizingdeviceoftheverseline,suchasinBeowulf.头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。4.Allusion:Areferencetoaperson,aplace,anevent,oraliteraryworkthatawriterexpectsthereadertorecognizeandrespondto.Anallusionmaybedrawnfromhistory,geography,literature,orreligion.典故：文学作品中作家希望读者能够认识或做出反应的一个人物、地点、事件或文学作品。典故或来自历史、地理、文学或宗教。5.AmericanNaturalism(美国自然主义)TheAmericannaturalismacceptedthemorenegativeinterpretationofDarwin’sevolutionarytheoryandusedittoaccountforthebehaviorofthosecharactersinliteraryworkswhowereregardedasmoreorlesscomplexcombinationsofinheritedattributes,theirhabitswereconditionedbysocialandeconomicforces.Americannaturalismwasevolvedfromrealismwhentheauthor’stoneinwritingbecamelessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoreironicandmorepessimistic.Itwasnomorethanagloomyphilosophicalapproachtoreality,ortohumanexistence.Dreiserwasaleadingfigureofthisschool.6.AmericanPuritanism(美国清教主义)PuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.TheAmericanpuritans,liketheirEnglishbrothers,areidealists.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgraceformGod.Butduetothegrimstruggleforlivinginthenewcontinent,theybecomemoreandmorepractical.Americanpuritanismissomuchapartofthenationalatmosphereratherthatasetoftenets.美国清教主义：他们相信宿命论、原罪说、全体堕落和有限的赎罪。7.AmericanRealism(美国现实主义)InAmericanliterature,theCivilWarbroughttheRomanticPeriodtoanend.TheAgeofRealismcameintoexistence.GeorgeEliotintroducerealismintoEngland,andWilliamDeanHowellsintroduceditintotheUnitedStates.Itcameasareactionagainstthelieofromanticismandsentimentalism.Realismturnedfromanemphasisonthestrangetowardafaithfulrenderingoftheordinary,asliceoflifeasitisreallylived.Ithasbeenchieflyconcernedwiththecommonplacesofeverydaylifeamongthemiddleandlowerclasses,anditoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.Realisticliteraturefindsthedramaandtensionbeneaththesurfaceofordinarylife.Later,manywriters,notablyHenryJames,turnedtopsychologicalrealismthatcloselyexaminedthecomplexworkingsofthemind.美国现实主义：在美国文学史上，内战宣告了浪漫主义的终结和现实主义的开始。现实主义反对浪漫主义和感伤主义的谎言，它从一个陌生的世界转向了普通人的真实生活的描写。它所关心的是普通的下层劳动人民而非理想中的人类本性和现实经历。8.AmericanRomanticism(美国浪漫主义)TheRomanticPeriodcoversthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury.ArisingAmericawithitsidealsofdemocracyandequality,theboomingeconomy,theflourishingpublications,andavarietyofforeigninfluencesmadeitsliteraryexpansionpossibleandinevitable.Romanticssharedsomecharacteristics:moralenthusiasm,individualityandintuitiveperception.IrvingplayedanimportantroleininspiringAmericanromanticismwithhismasterpiecesRipVanWinkleandTheLegendofSleepyHollow.Americanromanticismculminatedaroundthe1840s,whichcanbecalled“TranscendentalismorAmericanRenaissance”.OneofthemajorfigureinthisperiodwasEmerson.HisNaturehadbeencalled“themanifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism”.Inthepoetryaspect,WhitmanandDicksonweretwomajorAmericanpoetsinthisperiod.Inthenovelaspect,HawthorneandMelvillebelongedtoanothertypeofromanticism.Theyplacedincreasingvalueonthefreeexpressiononemotionandthepsychicstatesoftheircharacters.TheNewEnglandpoets,suchasLongfellowandBryantformedadifferentschoolfromWhitman,Dickson,ThoreauandPoe.9.AngryYoungMen(愤怒的青年)TheAngryYoungMenisajournalisticcatchphraseappliedtoanumberofBritishplaywrightsandnovelistsfromthemid-1950s.Theirworksmainlyexpressthebitternessofthelowerclassestowardstheestablishedsociopoliticalsystemandtowardsthemediocrityandhypocrisyofthemiddleandupperclasses.TheplaywrightJohnOsbornewasthearchetypalexampleoftheseangryyoungmenwithhissignatureplayLookBackinAngerin1956.10.Antagonist(反面人物):Apersonorforceopposingtheprotagonistinanarrative;arivaloftheheroorheroine.反面人物：一个故事中和主人公相对立的人物或一种力量，是男女主人公的对手。11.AmericanTranscendentalism(美国超验主义)AmericanTranscendentalismismorethananattitudeoftranscendentalists.To“transcend”somethingistoriseaboveit,topassbeyonditslimits.ThetranscendentalistsspeakforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.ThemajorfeaturesofAmericanTranscendentalismare:1.Transcendentalistsplace