Unit-1-The-Power-of-Language

Unit1ThePowerofLanguageAFamousQuoteLanguageisthedressofthought.------SamuelJohnsonSamuelJohnson(1709-1784),Britishmanofletters,oneofthemostoutstandingfiguresofthe18thcenturyinEngland.HemadelastingcontributionstoEnglishliteratureasapoet,essayist,moralist,literarycritic,biographer,editorandlexicographer.Johnsonhasbeendescribedas“arguablythemostdistinguishedmanoflettersinEnglishhistory.”TextACriticalReadingPre-readingQuestions1.Doyouusuallychallengetheideaanauthorrepresents?Whatdoyouthinkisactivereading?2.Whatsuggestionsdoyouexpecttheauthorwillgiveonreadingcritically?1。你经常挑战作者代表的想法吗？你认为积极的阅读是什么？2。你认为作者会对阅读的建议有什么建议？Criticalreadingappliestonon-fictionwritinginwhichtheauthorputsforthapositionorseekstomakeastatement.Criticalreadingisactivereading.Itinvolvesmorethanjustunderstandingwhatanauthorissaying.Criticalreadinginvolvesquestioningandevaluatingwhattheauthorissaying,andformingyourownopinionsaboutwhattheauthorissaying.Herearethethingsyoushoulddotobeacriticalreader.批判性阅读适用于非虚构写作，作者提出了一个位置或试图作出声明。批判性阅读是积极的阅读。它涉及的不仅仅是理解作者所说的。批判性阅读包括质疑和评价作者所说的话，形成你自己的观点。这是你应该做的事情是一个重要的读者。Considerthecontextofwhatiswritten.Youmaybereadingsomethingthatwaswrittenbyanauthorfromadifferentculturalcontextthanyours.Or,youmaybereadingsomethingwrittensometimeagoinadifferenttimecontextthanyours.Ineithercase,youmustrecognizeandtakeintoaccountanydifferencesbetweenyourvaluesandattitudesandthoserepresentedbytheauthor.考虑什么是书面的背景下。你可能会读到一位作者来自不同文化背景的东西而不是你的。或者，你可能会在某个时间段前读到某个不同的时间段，而不是你的。在任何一种情况下，你都必须承认并考虑到你的价值观和态度和作者所代表的任何区别。Questionassertionsmadebytheauthor.Don’tacceptwhatiswrittenatfacevalue.Beforeacceptingwhatiswritten,bycertainthattheauthorprovidessufficientsupportforanyassertionsmade.Lookforfacts,examples,andstatisticsthatprovidesupport.Also,looktoseeiftheauthorhasintegratedtheworkofauthorities.作者提出的问题。不要接受什么是写在脸上的价值。在接受什么是书面的，由一定的作者提供了足够的支持作出任何断言。寻找提供支持的事实、例子和统计数据。另外，看作者是否已经整合了有关部门的工作。Comparewhatiswrittenwithotherwrittenworkonthesubject.Looktoseethatwhatiswrittenisconsistentwiththatothershavewrittenaboutthesubject.Ifthereareinconsistencies,carefullyevaluatethesupporttheauthorprovidesfortheinconsistencies.把写的与其他书面工作的主题进行比较。看哪一本写的是与别人写的有关这个主题的。如果有不一致之处，仔细评估的支持，作者提供的不一致。Analyzeassumptionsmadebytheauthor.Assumptionsarewhatevertheauthormustbelieveistrueinordertomakeassertions.Inmanycases,theauthor’sassumptionsarenotdirectlystated.Thismeansyoumustreadcarefullyinordertoidentifyanyassumptions.Onceyouidentifyanassumption,youmustdecidewhetherornottheassumptionisvalid.分析作者提出的假设。假设是作者必须相信是真实的，为了使断言。在许多情况下，作者的假设没有直接陈述。这意味着你必须仔细阅读以便找出任何假设。一旦你确定了一个假设，你必须决定是否假设是有效的Evaluatethesourcestheauthoruses.Indoingthis,bycertainthatthesourcesarecredible.Forexample,Einsteinisacrediblesourceiftheauthoriswritingaboutlandmarkachievementsinphysics.Alsobecertainthatthesourcesarerelevant.Einsteinisnotarelevantsourcewhenthesubjectispoetry.Finally,iftheauthoriswritingaboutasubjectinitscurrentstate,besurethatthesourcesarecurrent.Forexample,studiesdonebyEinsteinintheearly20thcenturymaynotbeappropriateifthewriterisdiscussingthecurrentstateofknowledgeinphysics.评估作者使用的来源。在这样做时，一定是可信的。例如，爱因斯坦是一个可靠的来源，如果作者写物理学的里程碑成就。也可以肯定的是，来源是相关的。爱因斯坦是不是一个相关的来源时，主题是诗歌。最后，如果作者在当前的状态下写一个主题，要确保源是当前的。例如，在第二十世纪早期的爱因斯坦做的研究可能不合适，如果作者讨论的知识的当前状态，在物理。Identifyanypossibleauthorbias.AwrittendiscussionofAmericanpoliticswilllikelylookconsiderablydifferentdependingonwhetherthewriterisaDemocratoraRepublican.Whatiswrittenmayverywellreflectabiasedposition.Youneedtotakethispossiblebiasintoaccountwhenreadingwhattheauthorhaswritten.Thatis,takewhatiswrittenwith“agrainofsalt.”Bybeingacriticalreader,youwillbecomebetterinformedandmaychangeyourviewsasappropriate.确定任何可能的作者偏见。对美国政治的书面讨论可能会有很大的不同，这取决于作者是民主党人还是共和党人。写的东西可能很好地反映了一个有偏见的位置。当阅读作者写的文章时，你需要考虑到这一可能的偏见。也就是说，把“一粒盐”写出来吧，你会变得更明智，也会改变你的观点。TextBTheLanguageofConfidencePre-readingQuestions1.Arethereanywordsthatmakeyoufeelconfidentordiffident?2.Doyoubelievethatlanguagecaninfluencepeople’sthought?Givesomeexample.Thelanguageweuseprogramsourbrain.Masteringourlanguagegiveusagreatdegreeofmasteryoverourlivesandourdestinies.Itisimportanttousethelanguageinthebestwaypossibleinordertodramaticallyimproveourqualityoflife.Eventhesmallestofwordscanhavethedeepesteffectonoursubconsciousmind,whichislikeachild,anditdoesn’treallyunderstandthedifferencebetweenwhatreallyhappensandwhatyouimagine.Itiseagertopleaseandwillingtocarryoutanycommandsthatyougiveit---whetheryoudothisknowinglyornotisentirelyuptoyou.“Try”Itisasmallwordyetithasanamazingimpactuponus.Ifsomeonesays,“I’lltrytodothat”youknowthattheyarenotgoingtobeputtingtheirwholeheartintoit,andmaynotevendoitatall.Howoftendoyouusethewordtrywhentalkingaboutthethingsthatmattertoyou?Dosay“I’lltrytobemoreconfident”or“I’lltrytodothat”or“I’lltrytocall”?Thinkaboutsomethingthatyouwouldliketoachieve,andsayittoyourselfintwodifferentways.Firstlysay,“I’lltryto…”andnoticehowyoufeel.Nextsay,“Iwilldo…”andseehowyoufeel.Thelattermakesyoufeelbetterthanthefirstone,doesn’tit?Itgivesyouasenseofdetermination,afeelingthatitwillbedone.Listentothepeoplearoundyouandwhentheysaythe