【志鸿优化 全优设计】2016届高考英语总复习 语法专项 专题8 定语从句课件 新人教版

专题8定语从句一二三四一、正确选择关系词1.选择关系词可考虑以下三点:一看先行词的意义,即分清先行词是指人、物、时间、地点还是原因(如指物时不能用who或whom,指人时通常不用which等)。二看关系词的句法功能,即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分,是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等(如作定语通常用whose,有时也用which;作状语要用when,where,why)。三看定语从句的种类,即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句(如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句)。一二三四2.关系词的具体作用关系词类型关系词先行词类型关系词作用适用从句类型关系词的意义关系代词that人或物主语、宾语、表语限制性无固定词义,随先行词而变化who人主语、宾语、表语限制性或非限制性whom人宾语限制性或非限制性which物主语、宾语、表语限制性或非限制性whose人/物定语限制性或非限制性as人/物(先行词前有such,same,as等修饰)主语、宾语、表语限制性像……的;凡是……的;……一类的as整个句子的内容主语、宾语、表语非限制性正如;像which整个句子的内容主语、宾语、表语非限制性这;这一点一二三四关系词类型关系词先行词类型关系词作用适用从句类型关系词的意义关系副词when时间状语限制性或非限制性无固定词义,随先行词而变化where地点状语限制性或非限制性why原因(reason)状语限制性……的原因一二三四二、定语从句中介词的前置1.关系副词与“介词+which”关系副词when和where在多数情况下,可以替换为“介词+which”,其中的“介词”通常应根据先行词的含义、句子的意思、与从句中谓语动词的搭配等来确定;why相当于forwhich。I’llneverforgetthedaywhen(=onwhich)Ifirstmetyou.我永远不会忘记第一次见你的那天。Whatisthenameofthecitywhere(=inwhich)youlive?你住的那个城市叫什么名字?Doyouknowthereasonwhy(=forwhich)shedoesn’tlikeme?你知道她不喜欢我的原因吗?一二三四2.“介词+关系代词”结构当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,往往把该介词置于关系代词前面。“介词+whom”只能指人;“介词+which”只能指物。Thedocumentsforwhichtheyweresearchinghavebeenrecovered.他们寻找的文件已经找到了。(注意搭配searchfor)HereferredmetosomereferencebookswithwhichIamnotveryfamiliar.他要我去看一些我不熟悉的参考书。(注意搭配befamiliarwith)ThisisthebookfromwhichIgotthestory.这就是那本书,从这本书中我读到了这个故事。(由于句中含有“从……”的意思,所以用介词from)3.表示所属关系时,介词应用of,关系代词为which/whom,即“the+名词+of+which/whom”,可转换为“whose+名词”。Helivesinaroom,thewindowofwhichfaceswest.=Helivesinaroom,whosewindowfaceswest.他住在一间窗户朝西的房间里。一二三四三、定语从句与其他句子结构的区别1.定语从句与同位语从句的区别。二者都跟在名词后面,区别是:定语从句修饰先行词,是对其进行修饰限定;同位语从句则是对前面名词的解释说明,是其内容。同位语从句前的名词常为抽象名词,如:idea,fact,truth,evidence,news,thought等。同位语从句主要由that引导,在从句中不作成分,有时也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导,在从句中充当成分。Thenewsthatourteamwonmadeusexcited.(“ourteamwon”是news的内容,that不充当从句的成分,为同位语从句。可理解为:Thenewswasthatourteamwon.)Thenewsthathetoldmewasexciting.(hetoldme缺少一个直接宾语,由that充当,故为定语从句。不能将其理解为:Thenewswasthathetoldme.)一二三四2.定语从句与并列句和简单句的区别。区别的关键是看标点和连词。Ourclasshassixtystudents,mostofwhomstudyhard.(逗号后为另一句子,两个句子之间要用连接词whom,此为定语从句)Ourclasshassixtystudents,andmostofthemstudyhard.(逗号后为另一句子,且有并列连词and,故用them即可,此为并列句)Ourclasshassixtystudents.Mostofthemstudyhard.(此处为句号,代表两个独立的简单句,故不需要连词)一二三四3.定语从句与状语从句的区别。定语从句前面必须有先行词,而时间状语从句和地点状语从句则是作整个句子的状语,前面没有先行词。Doyouknowthetimewhenhewillcomeback?(定语从句,前面有先行词time)Iwillgoshoppingwhenhecomesback.(时间状语从句,表示主句动作发生的时间,前面没有先行词)Putthebookwhereitbelongs.(地点状语从句,指的是“放书”的地点,前面无先行词,因此不能用inwhich)Putthebookintheplacewhereitbelongs.(定语从句,前面有先行词place)4.定语从句与强调句的区别。当itis/was后出现表示地点或是时间的名词时,其后所接从句是定语从句还是强调结构,要看将itis/was和that(可以先假设)去掉之后句式是否完整(不缺少成分),完整则为强调句。ItwasSundaywhenhecameback.(定语从句)ItwasonSundaythathecameback.(强调句式,强调的是时间状语onSunday,去掉Itwas和that后句式完整)一二三四四、定语从句的几个特殊情况1.theway后面的定语从句,关系词若在从句中作状语,相当于“用这种方式/方法(=inthisway)”时,通常不用关系词,偶尔用that,在较正式的文体里才用inwhich来引导。Iwasimpressedbythewayinwhichshedidit.她做这件事的方式给我留下了深刻的印象。但是,要具体分析关系词的语法作用。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语,要使用that或which引导定语从句。Thewaythat/whichheexplainedtouswasverysimple.他向我们解释的方法非常简单。一二三四2.地点模糊化:在这一用法中常出现的先行词有situation,stage,point,case,activity,job,position等,这些词经常用来表达某事或某人所处的阶段、程度或状态,其后的定语从句缺少地点状语,应该使用关系副词where来引导定语从句。Whocanthinkofasituationwherethisphrasecanbeused?谁能想出这个短语在哪种情景下可以使用?3.当定语从句的先行词是“theonlyoneof+复数名词”时,定语从句的谓语动词要与one保持一致而采取单数形式,其原因跟句子的意义有关。Heistheonlyoneofthoseworkerswhoisabletodothisjob.他是那些工人中唯一能做这项工作的人。ⅠⅡⅠ.完成句子(高考真题变式训练)1.TheexactyearAngelaandherfamilyspenttogetherinChinawas2008.2.IborrowedthebookSherlockHolmesfromthelibrarylastweek,myclassmatesrecommendedtome.3.Studentsshouldinvolvethemselvesincommunityactivitiestheycangainexperienceforgrowth.4.Iamlookingforwardtothedaymydaughtercanreadthisbookandknowmyfeelingsforher.5.Thebookhashelpedmegreatlyinmydailycommunication,especiallyatworkagoodimpressionisamust.6.Amongthemanydangerssailorshavetoface,probablythegreatestofallisfog.whichwhichwherewhenwherewhichⅠⅡ7.Acompanyprofitsfromhomemarketsaredecliningmayseekopportunitiesabroad.8.Pleasesendusalltheinformationyouhaveaboutthecandidatefortheposition.9.Englishisalanguagesharedbyseveraldiversecultures,eachofusesitdifferently.10.Ididn’tbecomeaseriousclimberuntilthefifthgrade,Iwentuptorescueakitethatwasstuckinthebranchesofatree.whosethatwhichwhenⅠⅡⅡ.单句改错1.That’sthereasonasadfilmcancontributetocomfortingasadpersonmorethanapleasantone.2.Inordertorealizehisdream,BillGates,therichestmanintheworld,gaveupstudyinginHarvardUniversity,thatisveryfamousintheworld.3.Happinessandsuccessoftencometothosewhicharegoodatrecognizingtheirownstrengths.4.Hemaywinthecompetition,inthatcaseheislikelytogetintothenationalteam.答案:reason后加why答案:that→which答案:which→who答案:that→whichⅠⅡ5.Itisoftenthecasewithchildren,Amywasbetterbythetimethedoctorarrived.6.Hewastheonlyoneoftheboyswhowerelateforclass.7.Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbutthewaywhichhesaidit.8.Ifyourisksomethingimportant,youcauseittobeinadangeroussituationthatyoumightloseit.9.Thisistheonlyproblemwhichwecan’tworkout.10.TherearemanycountriesinAsia,ofthemChinaisthelargestone.答案:It→As答案:were→was答案:which去掉/在which前面加in/which→that答案:that→where答案:which→that答案:them→which