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当前位置:首页 > 商业/管理/HR > 管理学资料 > 美国本土居民印第安人的历史、文化、艺术总结
TheBriefIntroductionofNativeAmericansNativeAmericansintheUnitedStatesaretheindigenouspeoplesfromNorthAmericanowencompassedbythecontinentalUnitedStates,includingpartsofAlaskaandtheislandstateofHawaii.Theycomprisealargenumberofdistincttribes,states,andethnicgroups,manyofwhichsurviveasintactpoliticalcommunities.TheterminologyusedtorefertoNativeAmericansiscontroversial.Firststage:ThetreatmentoftheAmericantoIndiansThemassacre•Duringthecivilwar,northernallianceinordertogainthesupportofwesterners,theybuildupforcestocrusadetheIndians.•Intheendofthewar,GeneralGrantbecamethepresidentofAmerica,hesaidthat,“ItisnecessarytodestroyallIndiantribes”.•AnotherGeneralShermansaidthat.“I'veseenonlyIndiangoodmanisdead”.•Behindtheabovebehavior,themainreasonisthatIndianlands•AnotherimportantreasonisAmericanssaidthattheirownculturaliscivilization,Indiancultureiscompletelybarbaric.American’smeanstopressIndians•TokilltheBuffalos----maketheIndiantribeslosetheirsourceoffoodandnecessitiessources.American’smeanstopressIndians•Todestroytheirhabitat----butchertheIndiansanddrivethemoutoftheirhomeland.AmericapolicyonIndiansWestwardMovementDozensofNativeAmericantribeslivedinthewest,supportingthemselveswithmanydifferenteconomies.Westwardexpansiondepletedresourcesanddamagedtheenvironment,thusdestroyingtheNativeAmericans’abilitytosupportthemselves.SecendStage:ThecontributionofAmericanIndiansInagriculturepumpkintomatopotatococoacornwheatcropsInhandicraftindustrypotteryThedeviceofpotteryIndrawingInartdanceClothingTheirclothingwasmademostlyfromhidesofanimals.Inthewinter,themenworeshirts,leggings(裹腿,绑腿),and(鹿皮鞋)madeofbuckskin.Buckskinisclothingmadefromtheskinsofanimals,mainlydeer.Thewomenworeskirtstheyhadwovenfromthewildgrasses,coveredwithfurs,withleggingsunderneath.Inthesummer,themenworeabreechcloth(腰布,短裤),ashortpieceofbuckskinthathungfromthefronttothebackoftheIndian.Thewomenworetheirgrassdresses,andthechildrenworenothingatall.Musicandart•TraditionalNativeAmericanmusicisalmostentirelymonophonic,buttherearenotableexceptions.NativeAmericanmusicoftenincludesdrummingand/ortheplayingofrattlesorotherpercussioninstrumentsbutlittleotherinstrumentation.Flutesandwhistlesmadeofwood,cane,orbonearealsoplayed,PerformerswithNativeAmericanparentagehaveoccasionallyappearedinAmericanpopularmusicThirdstage:NativeAmericansasAmericancitizensNativeAmericansasAmericancitizens•In1857,ChiefJusticeRogerB.TaneyexpressedthatsinceNativeAmericanswerefreeandindependentpeoplethattheycouldbecomeU.S.citizenNativeAmericanstoday•Accordingto2003UnitedStatesCensusBureauestimates,alittleoveronethirdofthe2,786,652NativeAmericansintheUnitedStatesliveinthreestates:Californiaat413,382,Arizonaat294,137andOklahomaat279,559.•In2000,eightoftenAmericanswithNativeAmericanancestrywereofmixedblood.Sometribalnationshavebeenunabletoestablishtheirheritageandobtainfederalrecognition.
本文标题:美国本土居民印第安人的历史、文化、艺术总结
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