英语教学法教程unit-8。

Unit8TeachingvocabularyByclassof105,Group7.Aimsoftheunit:Assumptionsaboutvocabulary.Whatdoesknowingawordinvolve?Howtopresentnewvocabularyitems?Waystoconsolidatevocabulary.Vocabularylearningstrategies.8.1Understandingvocabulary&vocabularylearningPeoplehavedifferentunderstandingsof:•Whatavocabularyitemis;•Howanitemcanbelearnedandconsolidate;•Whichitemsshouldbelearned;•Towhatextenttheitemsshouldbelearnedandpractised.(p.117,Task2)TaskLanguagesconsistof“words”withequivalentsfromonelanguagetoanother.2Vocabularycannotbetaught.Itmustbelearnedbytheindividuals.3Bothteachersandstudentsneedtoknowthatthereisadifferencebetweenactiveandpassivevocabulary.4Thebestwaytoexplainvocabularyistotranslate.5Avocabularyitemcanbemorethanoneword.1AnEnhlish-Englishdictionaryisanimportantaidforstudents.7Wordscanbetaughtandlearnedmosteffectivelyingroupswhicharerelatedtoeachotherinmeaning.8Ifwedonotusethewordswelearned,wewillsoonforgetthem.4Wordsmustbelearnedinlanguagecontext.9Enhlish-Englishexplanationssarethebestwayforvocabularyteaching.68.2Whatdoesknowingawordinvovle?•Asimpleanswerwouldbe(1)knowingitspronunciation&stress;(2)knowingitsspelling&grammar;(3)knowingitsmeaning;(4)knowinghow&whentouseittoexpresstheintendedmeaning.•AccordingtoHedge(2000),vocabularylearninginvolvesatleasttwoaspectsofmeaning.Thefirstaspectinvolvestheunderstandingofitsdenotativeandconnotativemeaning.Thesecondaspectinvolvesunderstandingthesenserelationsamongwords.denotativemeaning(外延意义)•词的意义一般包括语法意义和词汇意义，前者指词与词之间的相互关系，后者指词所表达的意思，通常分为外延意义（denotativemeaning）和内涵意义(connotativemeaning)两类。词的外延意义即所指意义（referentialmeaning）或认知意义（cognitivemeaning），它是以客观世界的特定所指以及约定俗成的意义为基础的，也就是词典中所给出的定义。connotativemeaning内涵意义•所谓内涵意义(connotativemeaning)，是隐含于或附加在概念意义上的意义。社会、群体或个人都可以使一个词具有内涵意义，有时还是很不相同的内涵意义。这种差异既可以存在于两种语言、两种文化之间，也可以存在于一种语言和一种文化的亚文化之间。如英语中的goose有愚蠢的内涵意义，但汉语中的鹅却没有这种不好的内涵意义。Collocativemeaning搭配意义Collocativemeaningconsistsoftheassociationsawordacquiresinitscollocation.搭配意义是词语与其可能或必须同时出现的词语搭配时所产生的特殊联想意义，是长期使用过程中形成的语言习惯。词语搭配包括词语搭配（LexicalCollocations）和语法词语搭配（GrammaticalCollocations）。前者主要包括“动词+名词”、“名词+动词”、“形容词+名词”、“副词+动词”及“名词+名词”等搭配，掌握好它们就可增强语感，准确道地地表达出要说或者要写的语言信息。后者包括“介词+名词”、“名词+介词”、“形容词+介词”、“动词+介词”及“介词+名词+介词”等Synonyms,antonyms,hyponyms•synonyms----synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaningorwecansaythatwordsthatarecloseinmeaning.•antonyms---wordsthatstandoppositeinmeaningarecalled“antonyms”.•Superordinate上坐标词:theupperterminhyponymy.•hyponyms下义词------thelowertermsinhyponymyReceptive&productivevocabulary•Receptive/Passivevocabulary被动词汇:referstowordsthatoneisabletorecognizeandcomprehendinreadingorlisteningbutunabletouseautomaticallyinspeakingorwriting.•Productive/Activevocabulary主动词汇:referstowordsthatoneisnotonlyabletorecognizebutalsoabletouseinspeechandwriting.8.3WaysofPresentingnewwordsSomesuggestions:•Trytoprovideavisualorphysicaldemonstrationtoshowmeaning•Provideaverbalcontexttodemonstratemeaning.•Usesynonyms,antonymsetc.toexplainmeaning.•Uselexicalsetsorhyponymstoshowrelationsofwordsandtheirmeaning.•Translateandexemplify.•Usewordformationrulesandcommonaffixestobuildnewlexicalknowledgeonwhatisalreadyknown.•Teachvocabularyinchunks.•Thinkaboutthecontextinreallifewherethewordmightbeused.•Introducenewwordsinreal-lifecontext.8.4Waysofconsolidatingvocabulary•Sincelearningissubjecttoforgetting,itisnormalthatwehearstudentscomplainthattheykeeplearningandforgetting,especiallywhentheydonotunderstandthemeaningofthevocabularyitem.•Whenstudentsstudyvocabularyindividually,veryoftenitisrotelearning.WordassociationFindsynonymsandantonymsCategoriesUsingwordnet-workUsingtheInternetresourcesformoreideasLabellingSpotthedifferenceDescribeanddrawPlayagameUsewordseriesWordbingo•Finishtask4inpairsanddecideonwhatintendedaspectsofvocabularyeachactivityistryingtofocus.Practice8.5DevelopingvocabularybuildingstrategiesReviewregutarlyGuessmeaningfromcontext1.Thecaptainaskedtheseamentothrowtheanchor2.Let’ssynchronizeourwatchsothatwecanstartthegameatexactlythesametime.3.Susanwenttotheshopandboughtsomebananas,mangoes,andchirimoyas.OrganizevocabularyeffectivelyUseadictionaryManagestrategyuse.Homework:Wordcollection(synonyms,antonyms,hyponyms.)Chooseaneffectivemethodtomemorizevocabulary.