CHEMICAL_REACTION_ENGINEERING-OCTAVE_LEVENSPIEL

ChemicalReactionEngineeringThirdEditionOctaveLevenspielDepartmentofChemicalEngineeringOregonStateUniversityJohnWiley&SonsNewYorkChichesterWeinheimBrisbaneSingaporeTorontoACQUISITIONSEDITORWayneAndersonMARKETINGMANAGERKatherineHepburnPRODUCTIONEDITORKenSantorSENIORDESIGNERKevinMurphyILLUSTRATIONCOORDINATORJaimePereaILLUSTRATIONWellingtonStudiosCOVERDESIGNBekkiLevienThisbookwassetinTimesRomanbyBi-CompInc.andprintedandboundbytheHamiltonPrintingCompany.ThecoverwasprintedbyPhoenixColorCorporation.Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper.Thepaperinthisbookwasmanufacturedbyamillwhoseforestmanagementprogramsincludesustainedyieldharvestingofitstimberlands.Sustainedyieldharvestingprinciplesensurethatthenumbersoftreescuteachyeardoesnotexceedtheamountofnewgrowth.CopyrightO1999JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanningorotherwise,exceptaspermittedunderSections107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,[phone],fax[phone].RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,605ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10158-0012,[phone],fax[phone],E-Mail:[e-mail]ing-in-PublicationData:Levenspiel,Octave.Chemicalreactionengineering1OctaveLevenspiel.-3rded.p.cm.Includesindex.ISBN0-471-25424-X(cloth:alk.paper)1.Chemicalreactors.I.Title.TP157.L419996601.281-dc2197-46872CIPPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaPrefaceChemicalreactionengineeringisthatengineeringactivityconcernedwiththeexploitationofchemicalreactionsonacommercialscale.Itsgoalisthesuccessfuldesignandoperationofchemicalreactors,andprobablymorethananyotheractivityitsetschemicalengineeringapartasadistinctbranchoftheengi-neeringprofession.Inatypicalsituationtheengineerisfacedwithahostofquestions:whatinformationisneededtoattackaproblem,howbesttoobtainit,andthenhowtoselectareasonabledesignfromthemanyavailablealternatives?Thepurposeofthisbookistoteachhowtoanswerthesequestionsreliablyandwisely.TodothisIemphasizequalitativearguments,simpledesignmethods,graphicalprocedures,andfrequentcomparisonofcapabilitiesofthemajorreactortypes.Thisapproachshouldhelpdevelopastrongintuitivesenseforgooddesignwhichcanthenguideandreinforcetheformalmethods.Thisisateachingbook;thus,simpleideasaretreatedfirst,andarethenextendedtothemorecomplex.Also,emphasisisplacedthroughoutonthedevelopmentofacommondesignstrategyforallsystems,homogeneousandheterogeneous.Thisisanintroductorybook.Thepaceisleisurely,andwhereneeded,timeistakentoconsiderwhycertainassumptionsaremade,todiscusswhyanalternativeapproachisnotused,andtoindicatethelimitationsofthetreatmentwhenappliedtorealsituations.Althoughthemathematicallevelisnotparticularlydifficult(elementarycalculusandthelinearfirst-orderdifferentialequationisallthatisneeded),thisdoesnotmeanthattheideasandconceptsbeingtaughtareparticularlysimple.Todevelopnewwaysofthinkingandnewintuitionsisnoteasy.Regardingthisnewedition:firstofallIshouldsaythatinspirititfollowstheearlierones,andItrytokeepthingssimple.Infact,IhaveremovedmaterialfromhereandtherethatIfeltmoreproperlybelongedinadvancedbooks.ButIhaveaddedanumberofnewtopics-biochemicalsystems,reactorswithfluidizedsolids,gadliquidreactors,andmoreonnonidealflow.Thereasonforthisismyfeelingthatstudentsshouldatleastbeintroducedtothesesubjectssothattheywillhaveanideaofhowtoapproachproblemsintheseimportantareas.iiii~PrefaceIfeelthatproblem-solving-theprocessofapplyingconceptstonewsitua-tions-isessentialtolearning.Consequentlythiseditionincludesover80illustra-tiveexamplesandover400problems(75%new)tohelpthestudentlearnandunderstandtheconceptsbeingtaught.Thisneweditionisdividedintofiveparts.Forthefirstundergraduatecourse,IwouldsuggestcoveringPart1(gothroughChapters1and2quickly-don'tdawdlethere),andifextratimeisavailable,goontowhateverchaptersinParts2to5thatareofinterest.Forme,thesewouldbecatalyticsystems(justChapter18)andabitonnonidealflow(Chapters11and12).ForthegraduateorsecondcoursethematerialinParts2to5shouldbesuitable.Finally,I'dliketoacknowledgeProfessorsKeithLevien,JulioOttino,andRichardTurton,andDr.AmosAvidan,whohavemadeusefulandhelpfulcomments.Also,mygratefulthanksgotoPamWegnerandPeggyBlair,whotypedandretyped-probablywhatseemedlikeadinfiniturn-togetthismanu-scriptreadyforthepublisher.Andtoyou,thereader,ifyoufinderrors-no,whenyoufinderrors-orsectionsofthisbookthatareunclear,pleaseletmeknow.OctaveLevenspielChemicalEngineeringDepartmentOregonStateUniversityCorvallis,OR,97331Fax:[phone]ContentsNotation/xiChapter1OverviewofChemicalReactionEngineeringI1PartIHomogeneousReactionsinIdealReactorsI11Chapter2KineticsofHomogeneousReactionsI132.1Concentration-DependentTermofaRateEquationI142.2Temperature-DependentTermofaRateEquationI272.3SearchingforaMe