工程造价外文文献

12/21/05AEWServices,Vancouver,BC©2005Email:[e-mail]:TheWayitWorksByR.MaxWidemanInarecentconsultingassignmentwerealizedthattherewassomelackofunderstandingofthewholesystemofprojectcostcontrol,howitissetupandapplied.Sowedecidedtowriteupadescriptionofhowitworks.Projectcostcontrolisnotthatdifficulttofollowintheory,itisdisplayedingraphicalforminFigure1.Figure1:CostcontrolconceptFirstyouestablishasetofreferencebaselines.Then,asworkprogresses,youmonitorthework,analyzethefindings,forecasttheendresultsandcomparethosewiththereferencebaselines.Iftheendresultsarenotsatisfactorythenyoumakeadjustmentsasnecessarytotheworkinprogress,andrepeatthecycleatsuitableintervals.Iftheendresultsgetreallyoutoflinewiththebaselineplan,youmayhavetochangetheplan.Morelikely,therewillbe(orhavebeen)scopechangesthatchangethereferencebaselineswhichmeansthateverytimethathappensyouhavetochangethebaselineplananyway.Butprojectcostcontrolisalotmoredifficulttodoinpractice,asisevidencedbythenumberofprojectsthatfailtocontaincosts.Italsoinvolvesasignificantamountofwork,asweshallsee,andwemightaswellstartatthebeginning.SoletusfollowthethreadofprojectcostcontrolthroughtheentireprojectProjectCostControl:TheWayitWorksPage2of6AEWServices,Vancouver,BC©2005Email:[e-mail],whileweareatit,wewilltaketheopportunitytopointouttheproperplacesforseveralsignificantdocuments.TheseincludetheBusinessCase,theRequestfor(acapital)Appropriation(forexecution),WorkPackagesandtheWorkBreakdownStructure,theProjectCharter(orBrief),theProjectBudgetorCostPlan,EarnedValueandtheCostBaseline.Allofthesecontributetotheorganization'sabilitytoeffectivelycontrolprojectcosts.Thewayitworksisdescribedinthefollowingpages.FootnoteIamindebtedtomyfriendQuentinFleming,theguruofEarnedValue,forcheckingandcorrectingmyworkonthistopic.TheBusinessCaseandApplicationfor(execution)FundingItisimportanttonotethatprojectcostcontrolismosteffectivewhentheexecutivemanagementresponsiblehasagoodunderstandingofhowprojectsshouldunfoldthroughtheprojectlifespan.Thismeansthattheyexercisetheirresponsibilitiesatthekeydecisionpointsbetweenthemajorphases.Theymustalsorecognizetheimportanceofprojectriskmanagementforidentifyingandplanningtoheadoffatleastthemostobviouspotentialriskevents.Intheproject'sConceptPhase•Everyprojectstartswithsomeoneidentifyinganopportunityorneed.Thatisusuallysomeoneofimportanceorinfluence,iftheprojectistoproceed,andthatpersonoftenbecomestheproject'ssponsor.•Todeterminethesuitabilityofthepotentialproject,mostorganizationscallforthepreparationofaBusinessCaseanditsOrderofMagnitudecosttojustifythevalueoftheprojectsothatitcanbecomparedwithalltheothercompetingprojects.ThiseffortisconductedintheConceptPhaseoftheprojectandisdoneasapartoftheorganization'smanagementoftheentireprojectportfolio.•ThecostoftheworkofpreparingtheBusinessCaseisusuallycoveredbycorporatemanagementoverhead,butitmaybecarriedforwardasanaccountingcosttotheeventualproject.Nodoubtbecausethiswillprovideataxbenefittotheorganization.Theproblemis,howdoyouthenaccountforalltheprojectsthatarenotsocarriedforward?•IftheBusinesscasehassufficientmerit,approvalwillbegiventoproceedtoaDevelopmentandDefinitionphase.Intheproject'sDevelopmentorDefinitionPhase•TheobjectiveoftheDevelopmentPhaseistoestablishagoodunderstandingoftheworkinvolvedtoproducetherequiredproduct,estimatethecostandseekcapitalfundingfortheactualexecutionoftheproject.•Inaformalizedsetting,especiallywherebigprojectsareinvolved,thisapplicationforfundingisoftenreferredtoasaRequestfor(acapital)Appropriation(RFA)orCapitalAppropriationRequest(CAR).ProjectCostControl:TheWayitWorksPage3of6AEWServices,Vancouver,BC©2005Email:[e-mail]•Thisrequiresthecollectionofmoredetailedrequirementsanddatatoestablishwhatworkneedstobedonetoproducetherequiredproductordeliverable.Fromthisinformation,aplanispreparedinsufficientdetailtogiveadequateconfidenceinadollarfiguretobeincludedintherequest.•Inalessformalizedsetting,everyonejusttriestomuddlethrough.WorkPackagesandtheWBSTheProjectManagementPlan,ProjectBrieforProjectCharter•Ifthedeliverableconsistsofanumberofdifferentelements,theseareidentifiedandassembledintoWorkPackages(WPs)andpresentedintheformofaWorkBreakdownStructure(WBS).•EachWPinvolvesasetofactivities,theworkthatisplannedandscheduledasapartoftheProjectManagementPlan.Note,however,thattheplanningwillstillbeatarelativelyhighlevel,andmoredetailedplanningwillbenecessaryduringexecutioniftheprojectisgiventhegoahead.•ThisProjectManagementPlan,bytheway,shouldbecomethebiblefortheexecutionphaseoftheprojectandissometimesreferredtoastheProjectBriefortheProjectCharter.•ThecostofdoingthevariousactivitiesisthenestimatedandtheseestimatedcostsareaggregatedtodeterminetheestimatedcostoftheWP.Thisapproachisknownasdetailedestimatingorbottomupestimating.Thereareotherapproachestoestimatingthatwe'llcometoinaminute.Eitherway,theresultisanestimatedcostofthetotalworkoftheproject.Note:thatprojectriskmanagementplanningisanimportantpartofthisexercise.Thisshouldexaminetheproject'sassu