无机非金属材料工程专业英语-第1章

FundamentalsofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringChapter1IntroductionLearningObjectives21.1HistoricalPerspective21.2MaterialsScienceandEngineering21.3WhyStudyMaterialsScienceandEngineering?41.4ClassificationofMaterials51.5AdvancedMaterials61.6ModernMaterials’Needs6FundamentalsofMaterialsScienceandEngineering汉语翻译成英文材料科学材料工程金属材料非金属材料陶瓷材料高分子材料复合材料生物材料半导体材料先进材料FundamentalsofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringWordsandphrasesDeep-seated:close/intimate紧密的Virtually:practically/infact/nearly/asgoodas/ineffect/inessence实际上地Everysegmentofoureverydaylives:日常生活的每个方面Segment:section/division/part/piece部分、片Manipulate:control/employ控制、使用FundamentalsofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringDesignate:define/denote/label/name标记、命名Accessto):approach途径Pottery:pots/dishesorotheritemsmadefromclayandfiredinakiln(oven)陶器Alter:change改变Utilization:application/use应用、用途Empower:control驾驭、控制FundamentalsofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringWordsandphrasesCharacteristic:peculiarity,feature/trait/attribute/property特质Evolve:produce生产Complex:sophisticated复杂的Contemporary：Someonewholivedorwasinaparticularplaceatthesametimeassomeoneelse.Modern/belongingtothepresenttime同时代的Nebulous:vague.Anideathatisnebulousisnotatallclearorexact.模棱两可的FundamentalsofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringRelatedto:beconcernedwith相关的Encompass：tocompletelycoverorsurroundsth.覆盖或环绕Realm：territroy/monarchy/zone/domain/region/kingdom/area/branch区域Agglomerate：melt团聚、成块-volcanicrockconsistingoflargefragmentsfusedtogetherFundamentalsofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringVocabularyContemporary当代Stimulus激励，刺激Opaque不透明Translucent半透明Transparent透明Deep-seated根深蒂固的，深层的Existence存在,实在,生活,存在物,实在物Sophisticated复杂的Forerunner先驱(者),传令官,预兆Intimately密切地FundamentalsofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringElaboration解释，阐述Stepwise楼梯式的,逐步的Recreation消遣,娱乐segment段,节,片断Deteriorative恶化，变质，FundamentalsofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringEvoke引起，唤起Interdisciplinary交叉学科Metallurgy冶金Nebulous模糊的，云雾状的Agglomerate团聚，大块Dielectriccurrent介电常数Thermalconductivity热传导FundamentalsofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringHeatcapacity热容Refraction折射，衍射Ductility延展性Overriding最重要的Prohibitive抑制Judicious明智的criterion准则FundamentalsofMaterialsScienceandEngineering1.1Historicalperspective(观察，透视)•Materialsareprobablymoredeep-seated(根深蒂固的,深层的)inourculturethanmostofusrealize.•Transportation,housing,clothing,communication,recreation（娱乐）,andfoodproduction—virtually（事实上）everysegment（方面）ofoureverydaylivesisinfluencedtoonedegreeoranother（不同程度地）bymaterials.FundamentalsofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringHistorically,thedevelopmentandadvancementofsocietieshavebeenintimately（密切地）tiedtothemembers’abilitytoproduceandmanipulate（使用）materialstofilltheirneeds.Infact,earlycivilizationshavebeendesignated（命名）bytheleveloftheirmaterialsdevelopment(i.e.,StoneAge,BronzeAge,IronAge).FundamentalsofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringStoneageironageSteelageAdvancedmaterialsagebronzeageFundamentalsofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringTheearliesthumanshadaccesstoonlyaverylimitednumberofmaterials,thosethatoccurnaturally:stone,wood,clay（粘土）,skins,andsoon.Withtimetheydiscoveredtechniquesforproducingmaterialsthathadpropertiessuperiortothoseofthenaturalones;thesenewmaterialsincludedpottery（陶器）andvariousmetals.FundamentalsofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringFurthermore,itwasdiscoveredthatthepropertiesofamaterialcouldbealtered（改变）byheattreatmentsandbytheadditionofothersubstances.Atthispoint,materialsutilization（利用）wastotallyaselectionprocess,thatis,decidingfromagiven,ratherlimitedsetofmaterialstheonethatwasbestsuitedforanapplicationbyvirtueof（凭借）itscharacteristics（特性）.FundamentalsofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringItwasnotuntilrelativelyrecenttimesthatscientistcametounderstandtherelationshipbetweenstructuralelementsofmaterialsandtheirproperties.Thisknowledge,acquiredinthepast60yearsorso,hasempowered（使能够）themtofashion(shape),toalargedegree（非常）,thecharacteristicsofmaterials.FundamentalsofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringThus,tensofthousandsofdifferentmaterialshaveevolved（出现）withratherspecializedcharacteristicsthatmeettheneedsofourmodernandcomplexsociety.Theseincludemetals,plastics,glasses,andfibers.FundamentalsofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringTheuglybowlandthebeautifulcuparedifferentinappearance,butdoyouknowthebowlistheancestorofthecupiftracebackto7000yearsago?porcelainceramicsFundamentalsofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringThedevelopmentofmanytechnologiesthatmakeourexistencesocomfortablehasbeenintimatelyassociatedwiththeaccessibility(途径)ofsuitablematerials.Anadvancementintheunderstandingofamaterialtypeisoftentheforerunner（先驱）tothestepwise（逐步的）progressionofatechnology.FundamentalsofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringForexample,automobileswouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouttheavailability（利用）ofinexpensivesteelorsomeothercomparablesubstitute.Inourcontemporary(同时代的)era,sophisticated（复杂的）electronicdevicesrelyoncomponentsthataremadefromwhatarecalledsemi-conducting（半导体的）materials.FundamentalsofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringMaterialsscientistsandengineersseek（try,investigate寻求）tounderstandandcontrolth