lexicology (2) 词汇学

LexicologyByWangHuiliLinguisticStudyofEnglishPhoneticsPhonologyMorphologySyntaxSemanticsPragmaticsWhatisaWord?Awordisafreeformwhichdoesnotconsistentirelyof(twoormore)lesserfreeforms;inbrief,awordisaminimumfreeform.---Bloomfield1933:177-178FreeformvsBoundformBoundform:-essincountess,lionessduchess-ishinboyish,childish,greenishFreeform:IpreferEnglishtoFrench.FrenchPerfumePerfumeAwordisdefinedbytheassociationofagivensensewithagivengroupofsoundscapableofagivengrammaticaluse.---AntoineMeilletMaincriteriaofawordsoundmeaningsyntacticfunctionAword:afundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform;withaunityofand(bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning),capableofperformingaEg.Theyoungmanleftquietly.soundmeaninggivensyntacticfunction.词，今指语言组织中的基本单位，能独立运用，具有声音，意义和语法功能。---《辞海》TheDevelopmentofEnglishVocabularyA.ThehistoricalperspectiveB.Thecurrentrapidgrowtha.OldEnglish/Anglo-Saxonperiod(449--1100)b.MiddleEnglish(1100--1500)c.ModernEnglish(1500tothepresent)---English:aheavyborrowerNeologism?neo-neoclassicismneocolonialismneoimpressionismneonatalneoromanticisma.Markedprogressofscienceandtechnologyb.Socio-economic,politicalandculturalchangesc.TheinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguagesNuclearbombchainreaction,radioactivity,fall-out,cleanbomb,overkill,megadeath,neutronbomb,medium-rangeballisticmissilesSpaceastronaut,cosmonaut,toblastoff,tocountdown,capsule,launchingpad,spacesuit,spacemen,spaceplatform,spaceshuttleSpaceastronaut,cosmonaut,toblastoff,tocountdown,capsule,launchingpad,spacesuit,spacemen,spaceplatform,spaceshuttleSpaceastronaut,cosmonaut,toblastoff,tocountdown,capsule,launchingpad,spacesuit,spacemen,spaceplatform,spaceshuttleComputersoftware,hardware,input,output,memory,monitor,toprocess,programming,databasehirepurchase,creditcard,fringebenefit,high-rise,housesitter,spindriers,pressurecooker,microwaveoven,ready-mixedcakes,instantmashedpotatoes,acidhead,upper,downerCosmonaut,ombudsman,apartheid,sputnik,maotai,autostrada,ClassificationofEnglishwordsByorigin:nativevsloanwordsthebasicwordstock?auxiliaryandmodalverbs,numeral,pronouns,prepositionandconjunctions“…ThebulkofwordsspokenandwrittenbyEnglish-speakingpeople,however,arenativewords,theninemostfrequentlyusedbeingand,be,have,it,of,the,to,will,andyou.Borrowedwordsareneverthelessimmenselyusefulinenrichingthevocabularyandmakingthelanguageflexibleandresourceful.”BylevelofusageCommon/popularwordsLiterarywordsColloquialwords(colloq.Infml.)SlangwordsTechnicalwords1.connectedwiththeordinarythingsoractivitiesnecessarytoeverydaylife2.Thecoreofthecommonwordsisthebasicwordstock3.stylisticallyneutralFeelingfatigued,Tomretiredearly.Tomwenttobedearlybecausehefelttired.Donotopentheportal.Don’topenthedoor.Apprisemeoftheresultofyourdeliberation.Pleasetellmeyourdecision.LiterarywordsA.Archaicwords(arch.)abedbeholdbelikeperchancethouObsoletewords(obs./dated)?B.Poeticalwords(poet.)array:outfitthedeep:theseastead:horsemorn:morningFeelingfatigued,Tomretiredearly.Tomfeltsodog-tiredhehitthesackearly.Johnwasdismissedforpettythieving.Johnwasfiredforpettythieving.Slangwords:“language,wordsorphrasesofvigorous,colorful,facetious,ortaboonature,inventedforspecificoccasions,orusesorderivedfromtheunconventionaluseofthestandardvocabulary.”SlangvscolloquialismSlangvsstandardizationSheisarealapple-polisherforthewayshe'scrawlingaroundthebossandmakingeyesathim.Stopbuggingme,man!Heisripeinyearsbutgreeninheart.Healwaysputsone'sfootinhismouth.Whenitcomestousingacomputerandmouse,Iamallthumbs.ControlvalvePhysiotherapyRadiobiologyMoonwalkMiniultrasonicprobermacrospacetransshipBynotion:functionvscontentwordsHeaskedhertorestHisrejectionoftheoffersurprisedme.Thecarwashitbyatruck.Tomdidnotcome.Functionwords:determiners,conjunctions,prepositions,auxiliaries…Contentwords:nouns,mainverbs,adjectives,adverbsMorphologicalStructureMorphemeThemorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms,possessingbothsoundandmeaning.onemorpheme-----nationtwomorphemes-------nation+althreemorpnemes------nation+al+izefourmorphemes--------de+nation+al+lize---awordmaybeanalyzedintooneormoremorphemes.MorphemevsPhonemeMorphemevsSyllableAllomorph---anyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.Invent---inventionDescribe---descriptionJustify---justificationModernize---modernizationExpand---expansionDecide---decisionEmit---emission----ion,-tion,-ation,sionarethe(positional)allomorphsofthesamemorpheme.ImperfectIrregularIllogicalInexcusable---im-,ir-,il-areallomorphsofthemorphemein-.ClassificationofMorphemesFreemorphemesvsBoundmorphemesstudent(s)like(d)(im)balanceRootvsAffixRoot---thebasicunchangeablepartofaword,anditconveysthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.carecarelesscarelessnesscarefulcarefulnessFreeRoot(asimpleword?)RootrevivevitaminvividBoundRootvivaciousvitalviandvivisectsurviveAffix---acollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.Inflectionalaffix（grammatical）AffixPrefixDerivationalaffix(lexical,affective)SuffixBooksTomatoesOxenPlurality