初中语法复习

RevisionofJuniorEnglish主讲：王伟江西师范大学英语培训中心英语教研室Nouns名词名词表示人、事物、地点的名称或者抽象概念的词分为专有名词和普通名词专有名词表示个别的人、事物、地点等专有的名称。专有名词第一个字母要大写*Lucy*China*theSummerPalace普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词★可数名词表示人、事物、地点等的名称。可数名词有单数和复数两种形式之分名词的单数形式一般可用a来修饰*acar*abook在元音发音开头的单词前用an*anelephant*anapple请区别：ausefulmachine名词的复数形式1.复数形式的构成方法(1)一般在复数名词后加“s”/s/or/z/*dog–dogs*book–books(2)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加“es”/iz/*box–boxes*watch–watches(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加“es”/iz/*country–countries*factory–factories请区别：如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词则只须加“s”*boy–boys*monkey–monkeys(4)以o结尾的名词加“s”/z/*radio–radios*zoo–zoos只有potatotomato加“es”构成复数potato–potatoestomato–tomatoes(5)以f、fe结尾的名词,变f、fe为v再加“es”/vz/*half–halves*shelf–shelves*knife–knives*leaf–leaves2.特殊变化的单词(1)单复数同形Chinese–Chinesefish–fishJapanese–Japanesesheep–sheep(2)变元音字母oo为eetooth–teethfoot–feet3.变man为menman–menwoman–womenpoliceman–policemenFrenchman–Frenchmen请区别：German(德国人)–Germans4.其它形式child–childrenmouse–mice5.一些合成名词的复数构成分两种情况(1)将中心词变为复数girlfriend–girlfriendsgrandchild–grandchildren(2)man,woman构成的合成词，每个名词都要变成复数amandoctor–mendoctorsawomanteacher–womenteachers6.常以复数形式出现的名词peopleclothespolicetrousersglasses这些名词作主语时，注意它们的谓语用复数*Myclothesarenewerthanyours.*Thepoliceoftencomehere.7.可用howmany，many，afew，few，any，lotsof,some，alotof等修饰可数名词复数*Thereareafewpeopleinthepark.*Howmanyknivesarethereinyourpencil-box?★不可数名词物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词如:water，rice，fish，meat等。特别记住：workchalktimespacemusicmoneyweathercottonhomeworkwoodinformationnewsmedicine1.不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数*Somebreadisoverthere.*Nonewsisgoodnews.2.常用howmuch,much,alittle,little,alotof,some,any等来修饰不可数名词*Theyhadmuchmoney.*Hedoeslittlehouseworkathome.3.常用apieceof,acupof,aglassof,abottleof等来表示不可数名词的量,单复数表现在of前面的名词上，而of后始终是单数*Thereisapieceofpaperinthebook.*Threeglassesoforangeareonthedesk.注意：可数名词也可用量来表示，of后用复数*Therearetwobagsofclothesoverthere.*Wehavefiveboxesofapples.4.有些可数名词或不可数名词在一定情况下可相互转化，同一个词，但意思不同(1)glass(玻璃)–aglass(玻璃杯)paper(纸)–apaper(报纸)work(工作)–awork(著作)room(空间)–aroom(房间)(2)fruit(水果)–fruits(各种水果)fish(鱼)–fishes(各种鱼)hair(所有头发)–hairs(几根头发)time(时间)–times(时代)名词的一般用法★名词做定语1.修饰另一名词时,一般用单数*Hehastwopencil-boxes.*Therearethreebananatreesoverthere.2.manwoman用做定语时,应与后面的名词保持数的一致*Weneedamanteacher.*Theyareallwomenworkers.3.sports,clothes做定语时,仍用复数形式*asportsfield*aclothesshop4.当数词与单位名词一起做定语时，单位名词往往用单数形式,数词与单位名词用“-”连接。*Heisafourteen-year-oldboy.*Thisisatwo-hourplan.★名词做主语时,应注意名词的数，避免主谓不一致。*Herfamilyisalargeoneandherfamilyareallteachers.她家是一个大家庭,她的家人都是老师。*Thereisapairofglassesonthedesk.桌上有一副眼镜名词所有格表示名词间的所有关系“…的”一.名词所有格的构成方法1.单数名词后加“’s”*Tom’sbook*myfriend’suncle2.以s结尾的复数名词,则在s后加“’”即可*Teachers’Day*twoweeks’holiday3.不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格,仍按惯例加“’s”*Children’sDay*men’sshoes4.用of加名词，构成所属关系的短语，主要用于表示无生命名词的所有关系*thecolorofthewall*apictureoftheclassroom二.名词所有格的几个注意点1.可用名词所有格表示地点,地点名词习惯上省略*myaunt’s(home）(我姑姑家）*gototheteachers’(office）(去老师办公室）2.有些名词的所有格可用两种形式*thecat’sname/thenameofthecat*China’scapital/thecapitalofChina3.表示两人共同拥有,在最后一个名词后加“’s”*LucyandLily’sroom露西和莉莉的房间（两人共有一间房间）请区别:Lucy’sandLily’srooms露西的房间和莉莉的房间（两人各有一间房间）Article冠词冠词虚词，本身无独立的意义，它用来帮助说明名词所指的人或物是泛指还是特指不定冠词a,an（泛指）定冠词the（特指）1.不定冠词的用法1)表示某人(事物)的某一种类*Myfatherisadriver.*Doyoulikeanappleorapear?2)表示某一事物中的任何一个*Anelephantisbiggerthanahorse.*Amonkeycanclimbtrees.3)表示某人某物,但不具体说明何人何物。*AstudentfromClassTworunsfastest.*Amaniscallingnow.4)表示数量，有“一”的含义*Thereisaflowerinthevase.*Apandahasamouth,anose，twoeyes.5)有些不可数名词要表示“一种”、“一场”、“一堆”时，须加不定冠词*aheavysnow*astrongwind*makeafire*haveagoodtime6)用于固定词组*halfanhour*amomentago*alotof*havearest*alittleafew*apairif2.定冠词的用法1)指上文提到过的人或物,用定冠词the2)世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the*thesun*themoon*theearth3)定冠词the用于序数词前或表示方位的名词前和形容词最高级前*thefirst*thebest*inthesouth4)乐器名称前用定冠词the*playthepiano*playtheviolin5)在复数姓氏前加the，表示××一家人，常看成复数*TheBrownsaregoingtoShanghaiforaholidaythissummer.=TheBrownfamilyaregoingtoShanghaiforaholidaythissummer.6)在一些形容词前，表示一类人*therich富人*theold老人*thedeaf聋子在一些专有名词和习惯用语中常用定冠词the*theGreatWall*bytheway*inthemorning*ontheright*behindthechair*allthetime3.不用冠词1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年、学科等词前不用冠词*insummer*inAugust*onSunday*studyphysics请区别：inthespringof1945(特指,加the)2)一日三餐和球类运动名词前不用冠词*havebreakfast*playfootball3)名词前已有this,that,my,your,some,any,each作定语,不用冠词*Theymetherethismorning.*Eachboyhasaworkbook.4)一些专有名词、不可数名词、称呼、头衔不用冠词ChinaGradeTwoMr.LiDr.Liumeat5）表示颜色、语种、国家前不用冠词*inpurple*inred*Japanese*Britain6）固定词组*gotobed*bybus*atnight*intime4.在有些词组中,有冠词和无冠词意思不同★infrontof在…前面inthefrontof在…范围内的前部*Thereisatreeinfrontofthehouse.房子前面有一棵树*Theteachers’deskisinthefrontoftheclassroom.讲台在教室的前部★inhospital(生病)住院inthehospital在医院里*He’sillinhospital.他生病住院。*Myparentsworkinthehospital.我的父母在医院工作。Exercises用名词的正确形式填空1Hecuttheappleinto________(half).2The________(potato)aremine.3Howmany________(family)arethereinthistown?4Thereareten________(deer)onthefarm.5These________(German)are__________(businessman).6Lastweekwewenttothe__________(child)Park.halvespotatoesfamiliesdeerGermansbusinessmenChildren’s改错1.It’sahardwork.2.Wedon’thaveanyclassonSundays.3.Theroom’swindowsareverybig..It’shardwork.Wedon’thaveanyclassesonSundays.Thewindowsoftheroomareverybig.4Howmanymilkisthereinthebag?5.CouldIhavethreep