语言学教程 第三版 第四章 认知语言学

中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网官方总站：圣才学习网中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■Mentalprocesses,informationprocessing■Mentalprocessesorfacultyofknowing,includingaspectssuchasawareness,perception,awareness,perception,reasoning,andjudgment.6.1WhatisCognitionThreeapproachestothestudyoflanguageandcognition:■Theformalapproach:structuralpatterns,includingthestudyofmorphological,syntactic,andlexicalstructure.■Thepsychologicalapproach:languagefromtheperspectiveofrelativelygeneralcognitivesystemsrangingfromperception,memory,attention,andreasoning.■Theconceptualapproach:howlanguagestructures(processes&patterns)conceptualcontent.中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■Psychologicalaspectsoflanguage■Psychologicalstatesandmentalactivitywiththeuseoflanguage.■Languageacquisition,Languagecomprehension&LanguageproductionRelatedfields■Structurallinguistics■Cognitivepsychology■Anthropology■NeurosciencesSixsubjectsofresearch■Languageacquisition(L1/L2)■Languagecomprehension■Languageproduction■Languagedisorders■Languageandthought■Neurocognition6.2Psycholinguistics中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■Holophrasticstage■Language’ssoundpatterns■Phoneticdistinctionsinparents’language.■One-wordstage:objects,actions,motions,routines.■Two-wordstage:around18monthChildutteranceMaturespeakerPurposeWantcookieIwantacookieRequestMoremilkIwantsomemoremilkRequestJoeseeI(Joe)seeyouInformingMycupThisismycupWarningMommychairThischairbelongstoMWarningBigboyIamabigboyBraggingRedcarThatcarisredNamingThatcarThatisacarNaming中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■Three-word-utterancestage■Givedoggiepaper.■Puttruckwindow.■Tractorgofloor.■Fluentgrammaticalconversationstage■Embedoneconstituentinsideanother:Givedoggiepaper.Givebigdoggiepaper.■Usemorefunctionwords:missingfunctionwordsandinflectioninthebeginningbutgooduse(90%)bytheageof3,withafullrangeofsentencetypes.■Allpartsofalllanguageareacquiredbeforethechildturnsfour.中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■Mentallexicon:informationaboutthepropertiesofwords,retrievablewhenunderstandinglanguage■Forexample,wemayusemorphologicalrulestodecomposeacomplexwordlikerewritablethefirstfewtimesweencounteritandafterseveralexposureswemaystoreandaccessitasaunitorword.■Itmeansthatfrequencyofexposuredeterminesourabilitytorecallstoredinstances.■Connectionism:readersusethesamesystemoflinksbetweenspellingunitsandsoundunitstogeneratethepronunciationsofwrittenwordsliketoveandtoaccessthepronunciationsoffamiliarwordslikestove,orwordsthatareexceptionstothesepatterns,likelove.■Similarityandfrequencyplayimportantrolesinprocessingandcomprehendinglanguage,withthenovelitemsbeingprocessedbasedontheirsimilaritytotheknownones.中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■Interactivemodel:■Higherprocessinglevelshaveadirect,“top-down”influenceonlowerlevels.■Lexicalknowledgecanaffecttheperceptionofphonemes.Thereisinteractivityintheformoflexicaleffectsontheperceptionofsub-lexicalunits.■Incertaincases,listeners’knowledgeofwordscanleadtotheinhibitionofcertainphonemes;inothercases,listenerscontinueto“hear”phonemesthathavebeenremovedfromthespeechsignalandreplacedbynoise.(1)Wordrecognition■Cohorttheory:■Marslen-Wilson&Welsh(1978)■Thefirstfewphonemesofaspokenwordactivateasetofwordcandidatesthatareconsistentwiththeinput.中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■Racemodel:■Pre-lexicalroute:computesphonologicalinformationfromtheacousticsignal■Lexicalroute:thephonologicalinformationassociatedwithawordbecomesavailablewhentheworditselfisaccessed■Whenword-levelinformationappearstoaffectalower-levelprocess,itisassumedthatthelexicalroutewontherace.■Factorsinvolvedinwordrecognition:■Frequencyeffect:theeasewithwhichawordisaccessedduetoitsmorefrequentusageintheL.■Recencyeffects:theeasewithwhichawordisaccessedduetoitsrepeatedoccurrenceinthediscourseorcontext.■Cotext:Werecognizeawordmorereadilywhentheprecedingwordsprovideanappropriatecontextforit.中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网(2)Comprehensionofsentences■Serialmodels:thesentencecomprehensionsystemcontinuallyandsequentiallyfollowsconstraintsofalanguage’sgrammar■Describehowtheprocessorquicklyconstructsoneormorerepresentationsofasentencebasedonarestrictedrangeofinformationthatisguaranteedtoberelevanttoitsinterpretation,primarilygrammaticalinformation.■Anysuchrepresentationisthenquicklyinterpretedandevaluated,usingthefullrangeofinformationthatmightberelevant.■Parallelmodels:emphasizethatthecomprehensionsystemissensitivetoavastrangeofinformation,includinggrammatical,lexical,andcontextual,aswellasknowledgeofthespeaker/writ